The Effects Of Reciprocal Teaching On English Language Education Essay

This reappraisal of the writing is isolated into developments get bringing down with common guidance and the momentum research. The surveies for common guidance are surveyed blending to their examination structure ( for example , meta-investigation, bunch plans, subjective structures, and single-subject structures ) . Some portion of this development incorporates a reappraisal of the shared guidance observing plan as it identifies with current surveies. Therefore there is a summarize of the unwritten semantic correspondence advancement in English Language Learners ( ELLs ) . With a diverting figure of workers from arranged states, Miami Dade County Public Schools ( M-DCPS ) is a runing pot of ELLs. M-DCPS is other than the second-biggest minority government funded school an area in the state. These students are required to execute at indistinguishable degrees from their equivalents on the Standardized Achievement Test, Tenth Edition ( SAT-10 ) paying little heed to their valuation for the English phonetic correspondence. With the current move into answerability and understudy achievement, teachers are obliged to happen plans to help the ELLs in expanding non simply jargon, yet close to understanding cognizance. ELL students need to comprehend the perusing procedures non only to experience the SAT-10 and progress to the accompanying class degree yet alongside to understand text in the existent universe. With the goal for students to strongly use the understanding plans, they should be effectively occupied with the exercises that are spoken to them. The teacher must flexibly a tremendous total of chances over all proficient issue and pass on in delineation from their everyday lives each piece great. On the off chance that the understudy keeps on making things happen the varying entries/text, so their cognizance achievements will increment and in curve will achieve higher tonss in the SAT-10.Reciprocal TeachingResearch laborers in a figure of surveies have methodicallly discovered that common guidance is a solid way to expand student perception. Moderately little is thought about the issues of how various plans can, and should, be joined in understanding heading ( Brunstein and A ; Kieschke, S porer 2009 ) . Complementary guidance ( RT ) is an instructional procedure created by Palincsar and Brown ( 1984 ) to better understudies ‘ text understanding achievements through platform course of four appreciation cultivating and cognizance observing plans ( Palincsar and A ; Brown, 1984 ; Palincsar, David, and A ; Brown, 1989 ; Rosenshine and A ; Meister, 1994 ) , that is, ( a ) bring forthing one ‘s ain requests, ( B ) total uping parts of the content, ( degree Celsius ) clear uping word significances and bewildering text advances, and ( nutrient D ) predicting what may come next in the content ( Brunstein and A ; Kieschke, Sporer 2009 ) . The educator could so gracefully direction and criticism at the proper degree for every student. Speculations of understanding recommends that dynamic procurement from text must influence an adaptable repertory of cognizance encouraging and observing exercises ( Alfassi, 1998 ) . Express heading in understanding improving exercise s shows up especially significant for the beginner peruser and the scholastically deferred understudy ( Alfassi, 1998 ) .Meta-AnalysisIn request to investigate the effectivity of common learning two meta-examinations have been led. Meister and Rosenshine ( 1994 ) gave the principal investigation of the review. Subsequent to putting 16 distributed and unpolished surveies identified with common guidance, they inferred that educator made examinations had a more prominent result on perusing understanding rather than normalized preliminary. All in all, Meister and Rosenshine and ( 1994 ) found that when the four plans ( for example , oppugning, aggregate uping, clear uping, and prognosticating ) were expressly educated before indicting in the common guidance processs understudies ‘ understanding capacities expanded more than when the plans were educated as the shared guidance mediation was in methodology. In an unpublished theory by Galloway ( 2003 ) , an all-inclusive reappraisal of the current writing on shared guidance was directed using conventional meta-investigation. The examination specialist discovered moderate outcome sizes for mediations using common guidance. The significant contrasts between educator made preliminaries and standard referenced preliminaries found by Meister and Rosenshine ( 1994 ) were non found by Galloway ( 2003 ) . Galloway closed there still is an interest to report in the writing the execution of the common guidance process. Both of the meta-diagnostic surveies portrayed offer help for the effectivity of common guidance. Test size and the loyalty to which the shared guidance intervention was executed stay a restriction.Group DesignsLysynchuk, Pressly, and Vye ( 1990 ) concentrated how common guidance improves the perusing perception open introduction of hapless perusers. In this review, 72 four and rate seven understudies in Canada took part in 13 Sess ionss of common picking up perusing intervention understanding course. Of the 72 students, 36 were doled out to the common guidance mediation, while the others worked in little gatherings, with the educator offering help if necessary in decoding and progress anxiety. Thirteen Sessionss were directed to the two gatherings, with everyday ward steps being taken ( for example , discussing and requests ) , each piece great as pre and station normalized understanding advances. For both casual and formal evaluations, the perusing understanding of the exploratory gathering of hapless decipherers was higher than the benchmark group of hapless decipherers. No advancements were seen on jargon procurement and care in either gathering. Klinger and Vaughn ( 1996 ) utilized common guidance as an intervention for hapless decipherers with larning disablements ( LD ) , yet who were other than ELL at the in the middle of school degree. This overview reasoned that common learning mediation seemed to better the perusing appreciation of students with LD/ELL and upheld shape and cultural collaboration as offices to larning as proposed by Vygotsky ( Schunk, 2004 ) .Qualitative DesignsThe utilization of subjective exploration strategies loan themselves great in the test of employments where commitment, perception, and enquiry of expecting are of inclusion ( Shank, 2006 ) . In an overview led by Hacker and Tenent ( 2002 ) educators built their cognizance of common guidance ( dependent on Hashey and A ; Jimmy conorss, 2003 ) as they actualized the intervention. The study endured 3 mature ages and 17 educators from two basic schools were followed. Information was gathered dependent on examples and adjustments of shared guidance w ith the end goal for them to build up a hypothesis on the best way to execute the mediation usefully in the schoolroom. The three components of common guidance that were inspected: plot utilization, abundance of duologue, and platform heading. The central issue the educators experienced with the students was in duologue in which they felt it was shallow and non rich ; this assurance was other than upheld by Whitehead ‘s ( 2002 ) test of guided understanding mediation. Hashey and Connors ( 2003 ) other than propose that students profit by common picking up starting in the third class due to their involvement in unscrambling accomplishments.Single-Subject DesignsPalincsar, David, and Brown ( 1989 ) have recommended that shared guidance might be all the more great as a little gathering intervention. In the underlying common guidance review, Palincsar and Brown ( 1984 ) utilized an individual competent examination configuration to investigate the impacts of shared guidance with a little gathering of students. To day of the month a few examination laborers have used individual fit plans to mensurate the impacts of shared learning with little gatherings of students in applied scenes.The Reading ProcedureCrowder and Wagner ( 1992 ) recommend perusing might be a â€Å" fluffed develop † ( p. 3 ) to comprehend ; it is an intricate strategy ( Sternberg, 2003 ) , A less difficult situation of the perusing methodology was clarified by Hoover and Gough ( 1990 ) . The exploration laborers recommended that the perusing methodology comprised of two constituents: decoding and cognizance. To them, decoding envelops phonemic cognizance, phonics, and understanding expert articulation, while appreciation and jargon are thought of as one constituent. The straightforward build of unscrambling and appreciation was expounded on by LaBerge and Samuels ( 1974 ) . From the situation of intellectual mental science, they proposed a hypothesis of automaticity, which clarified u nscrambling as a mix of understanding speed and truth. This persuasiveness in unscrambling takes into consideration psychological assets to treat data speedily make planning from text ( Hashey and A ; Jimmy conorss, 2003 ) . Hence, liquid perusers have the capacity and going to grok what they read. On the other hand, hapless decipherers, who need persuasiveness, will use their accessible intellectual assets to decode on the other hand of using those assets to grok text to the full ( LaBerge and A ; Samuels, 1974 ) ; this lack of expert articulation yields shallow perception and spreads in apprehension.English Language LearnersThere is constrained examination directed on the unwritten semantic correspondence advancement in English Language Learners ( ELLs ) ,, for example, jargon, syntactic signifier, and matter-of-reality structures. Along these lines, limiting the misgiving of explicit aspects of ELLs unwritten etymological correspondence advancement and, in this way little experim ental balance for be aftering instructive mediations ( Genesse, Lindholm-Leary, Saunders and A ; Christian, 2006 ) . Latino students in general, remembering English capable children for the second coevals and past, score fundamentally lower in perusing than different understudies. Be that as it may, the possibility of geting an obscure word by the route through perusing is simply around 15 % ( Swanborn and A ; de Glopper, 1999 ) . These understudy

Making love Essay Example

Having intercourse Essay Is it conceivable to legitimize mass culture a developing marvel of human needs? Is the universe of appearances instead of substitutes and arrival of estrangement, turns into another wellspring of alienation? Everyday life can along these lines be considered as a sort of massive and continually developing file of motions initiated to purchase, numerous sorts of Mass culture becomes out of human needs. Numerous individuals treat it as a facilitator from the real world, a method of investing free energy. Certain guidelines and patterns are for this sort of individuals backbone of regular day to day existence, give them a feeling that all is well with the world and self-acknowledgment. Mainstream society can be a bond interfacing individuals with comparative interests, convictions or lifestyle. Then again, mass culture makes numerous individuals own perspectives replaces prepared outlines drawn from papers, radio and the Internet. It is no big surprise that it is a wellspring of estrangement for the individuals who would prefer not to surrender its dictates. People wind up in the results of mass culture, for example, imagination goes to a mass crowd. The beneficiary feel associated with others they can share encounters, interests or simply converse with them. The results of mass culture are generally accessible. Media advance them, since they realize that it is a simple method to bring in cash. In addition, mass culture is thought to be fundamentally intended available to be purchased and benefit. We will compose a custom exposition test on Making love explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Making love explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Making love explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In the event that mainstream society isn't the consequence of human needs, how to clarify enthusiasm for her? The best want of man isn't to be separated from everyone else, and mass culture can give it to him. However, each stick has two closures and mass culture can likewise be a reason for estrangement. In the event that somebody tunes in to popular music, go to the film on a simply business movies and raves elective workmanship can meet with dismissal. Such an individual might be viewed as more terrible, on the grounds that it isn't savvy enough to frame an option taste. Popular culture can be a reason for distance. Be that as it may, you can't regard it as something more regrettable, in light of the fact that it becomes out of human needs. It is the least complex type of diversion, which everybody eventually want. Having intercourse with food: So far the buys were related with screw private enterprise utilization. Be that as it may, for reasons unknown, shopping is additionally a method of indicating love. Anthropologist Daniel Miller has discovered love in the grocery store. His disclosure alludes to an extraordinary sort of shopping food flexibly. So those regular family unit fundamentally propensities. For a year they shopped and chatted with occupants of one road in London. One of his decisions was that picking the correct items are indicating your family unit love and care. Ladies stated, for instance: My better half eats gravely, he prefers bacon, and I get him something more beneficial. Along these lines, I love him and I don't need him to put on weight’’. Shopping, don't make fun. You need to do it consistently. Regardless of what system to take by and by you should go get milk and bread to the store. Since it is such a commonplace ads frequently seem mystical universes and that potatoes jump out of garbs and a canine, a feline and a hamster remark buys their state. Also, if our reality doesn't seem as though you all are irritating and the ladies gotten together? Precisely so. He is, shrewd, has a belly, and she knows whats going on and how to improve the world a spot. Ladies do day by day smaller than normal shopper inquire about. They inquire as to whether it tastes. Hit something on the advancement and thinking about whether to toss it into day by day dietary patterns, regardless of whether snatch or not. Ladies depicted by Miller are extremely shrewd, dissect the market, know the advancements and buying methodologies. We have a basic life. Nonetheless, when we purchase for different pressure is twofold. We stress, regardless of whether it will be sound and snappy .Men frequently protect the way that they despise shopping .Yeah, however take a gander at the keeps an eye on vehicle purchaser. This is simply amok, this procedure may take years. This is such a chase, in addition, once in a while we catch wind of his Mercedes , chase promotion. Miller likewise presents an exceptionally intriguing idea of irregularity a joys of a bonus. Irregularity is an award for the exertion of shopping. This could be a piece of candy, dessert, most loved tea. Ladies at Miller state they can't send her better half to the store, since he brings a similar relic, its buys are not balanced. In England, ladies didn't let their spouses to do shopping since they spend excessively. 60 % may make buys just in the organization of ladies, and 66% of ladies completely assumed control over the home shopping. This would fit with the Miller look into. He additionally highlighted a specific kind of joint buys which are shopping seeking. The primary joint shopping is a colossal field of arrangements. This is my preferred milk, and this is my espresso, I eat just unpleasant chocolate. By figuring out how to perceive the other individual not just her past, her delicate places on the body, yet you additionally become more acquainted with her customer propensities. In the event that you need to live in concordance. In any case magnificent breakfast will transform into a bad dream, in light of the fact that rather than spread you will spread the sandwich with the margarine. We are individuals who assemble their personality by item marks, since the manner in which Western human progress is developed. Chandlers keeps the body alive, yet in addition serves to construct social connections. Especially intriguing is the connection among mother and kid. Mill operator says that the kid replaces an accomplice, who was the subject of dedication and care. Never as of not long ago in human progress, was the kid not all that significant. Moms are perplexed how to choose the menu, what garments to purchase, what toys to pick. Numerous moms do their shopping particularly for their kids. One of the perfect models for human utilization is installed in the idea of expectation. As such, the kid knows what’s best for him, what and when to eat, when he/she need to rest. Our job isn't to upset him/her. This implies we surrender our fantasies, propensities or even work. As per Miller, toward the starting it was significant divinity. At that point, affected by secularization the spot of god took man, whom thusly ousted woman's rights. Be that as it may, all the more strangely, the plan has not been interfered. Devotion and consideration regarding ladies moved to a youngster who has become the new divinity. End: The regular daily existence has infinitive assortment: it is interesting and dubious, it very well may be removing or jaunty. Regular day to day existence could occur by some coincidence or it may be familiar and routinized. Your life can be dim or joyful and wonderful. Its up to you what life you need to lead. It does relies upon you what kind of life you need to lead, since everybody is distinctive encircled by different individuals and condition accordingly have disparate encounters. Be that as it may, we as a whole inhale a similar air and we as a whole have a requirement for eat and rest. We may have clashing perspectives and various dreams on life in light of the fact that every one of us is an individual unit. References: Rita Felski (1999) ‘’The innovation of regular life’’NO.39,pp15-31 accessible by means of SyD and the web. Henri Lefebvre (2005)[1971] Everyday life in the Modern World,Transl. Sacha Rabinovitch, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publisher, separate from Philip Wander (2005) ‘’Introduction’’,pp.vii-x and pp.xiv-xvi [full introduction pp.vii-xxiii] and Lefebvre p.187-8 Michael Bull (1999) ‘’The rationalizations of strolling: Walkman use and the reproduction of the site of experience’’ in Jeff Hearn and Sasha Roseneil 9eds) Consuming Cultures: Power and Resistance, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Macmillan, extricate, pp.205-206 [full article pp.199-220]

Adolf Hitler Discovers That Julian Assange Lost Out To Mark Zuckerberg [VIDEO]

Adolf Hitler Discovers That Julian Assange Lost Out To Mark Zuckerberg [VIDEO] Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Adolf Hitler Discovers That Julian Assange Lost Out To Mark Zuckerberg [VIDEO]Updated On 16/12/2010Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : VideoShort URL : http://hbb.me/Y7DUXA CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWe all know about TIMEs Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year). It is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that “for better or for worse, …has done the most to influence the events of the year.”TIME recently announced the Person Of The Year 2010 as Mark Zuckerberg, who is the brain behind Facebook, the most popular social networking website in the world. But critics opposed this, they thought Julian Paul Assange should have been the TIMEs Person Of The Year 2010. Below a short video involving Adolf Hilter, a famous Austrian-born German politician, and his reaction ag ainst this.Disclaimer : Neither this video nor this article not presented to hurt any policies or feelings.READBarack Obama Signing iPad Using Adobe Ideas App [Video]

Essay about Changes of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth - 958 Words

â€Å"My dearest partner of greatness† (I, v, 10) suggests to the reader or audience of the play Macbeth, that these two partners, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, worked together and truly believed in the greatness of their work. This is not so. Said here in a letter from Macbeth to Lady Macbeth telling her that the king is coming soon. There Macbeth truly feels that Lady Macbeth is his partner in all these truly great events. The letter shows us of the close relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and shows us that the deepest secrets of the heart were revealed to each other. It is from this point that we meet the true character of Lady Macbeth. She immediately shows herself as a domineering, strong willed and ambitious wife to†¦show more content†¦Somehow Macbeth manages to keep his composure when faced with his guests and the evidence of the killing, but we, the audience know that inside, his heart is quaking with fear. Out of nervousness, Macbeth blurts out the fact that he murdered the two servants with his anger. That was very rash and cast a tiny shadow of suspicion on him even at that early stage. Earlier it was Macbeth who was worried that their plan would fail and lady Macbeth was the one who scoffed at the mere idea of failing. Now Macbeth, the king, had murderers to kill Banquo and others with no qualms at all. When lady Macbeth inquires about how he is so sure that banquo doesn’t suspect them, Macbeth merely shrugs off her questions and tells her that these matters are not for the ears of a woman. Here we see how their close relationship, mentioned earlier has diminished to that of a slave and his master. Now Macbeth tells his wife t walk alongside him as they leave together. The biggest character change is seen within lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is heart broken by he fact that she no longer has any control over her husband. He is moving forward and she is left behind. The queen yes, but moving up from that point doesn’t seem to be happening. She, the strong one has gone timid and womanly. Towards the end of the play, poor lady Macbeth is traumatised by her very own words she mocked Macbeth with, â€Å" A little water clears us of this deed†Show MoreRelatedHow Does the Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Change Throughout the Play2014 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth change throughout the play? In this essay I am going to talk about the dramatic and rapid changes of the relationship between husband and wife, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the beginning of the play the couple share a loving and strong bond; however this contrast to the end of the play as the relationship which once was a strong is weakened as the couple no longer have importance in each other’s life. 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In Macbeth it seems to be, that Macbeth the protagonist of the play is influence by Lady Macbeths ambition. Could this be an exception or was Lady Macbeth lying when she ask to be equal to a man so she could commit the murder (1.5.33.45-61). To understand one must look deeply into theRead MoreEssay on Role Reversal in William Shakespeare’s Play Macbeth1258 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Macbeth has a few main themes, one of which is role reversal. Macbeth is portrayed as a strong, fierce, and trustworthy soldier. At this stage in the story he had a conscience, and had a boundary between good and bad. However, Lady Macbeth is depicted as a devious and an extreme organizer, without a good sense of what is right and wrong. She would do anything in order to obtain supreme authority. Gradually they both change t heir views of power, treatment of one another

The Chemical Composition of Wood Smoke

Smoke is something that we will deal with all throughout our lives, in everyday situations as well as in emergencies. But not all smoke is the same -- in fact, the smoke will vary depending upon what is being burned. So then what, exactly, is smoke made of? Smoke consists of gasses and airborne particles produced as a result of combustion or burning. The specific chemicals depend on the fuel used to produce the fire. Here is a look as some of the principal chemicals produced from wood smoke. Keep in mind, there are thousands of chemicals in smoke so the chemical composition of smoke is extremely complex. Chemicals in Smoke In addition to the chemicals listed in the table, wood smoke also contains a large amount of unreacted air, carbon dioxide, and water. It contains a variable amount of mold spores. VOCs are volatile organic compounds. Aldehydes found in wood smoke include formaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, acetaldehyde, and furfural. Alkyl benzenes found in wood smoke include toluene. Oxygenated monoaromatics include guaiacol, phenol, syringol and catechol. Numerous PAHs or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are found in smoke. Many trace elements are released. Reference: 1993 EPA Report, A Summary of the Emissions Characterization and Noncancer Respiratory Effects of Wood Smoke, EPA-453/R-93-036 Chemical Composition of Wood Smoke Chemical g/kg Wood carbon monoxide 80-370 methane 14-25 VOCs* (C2-C7) 7-27 aldehydes 0.6-5.4 substituted furans 0.15-1.7 benzene 0.6-4.0 alkyl benzenes 1-6 acetic acid 1.8-2.4 formic acid 0.06-0.08 nitrogen oxides 0.2-0.9 sulfur dioxide 0.16-0.24 methyl chloride 0.01-0.04 napthalene 0.24-1.6 substituted napthalenes 0.3-2.1 oxygenated monoaromatics 1-7 total particle mass 7-30 particulate organic carbon 2-20 oxygenated PAHs 0.15-1 Individual PAHs 10-5-10-2 chlorinated dioxins 1x10-5-4x10-5 normal alkanes (C24-C30) 1x10-3-6x10-3 sodium 3x10-3-2.8x10-2 magnesium 2x10-4-3x10-3 aluminum 1x10-4-2.4x10-2 silicon 3x10-4-3.1x10-2 sulfur 1x10-3-2.9x10-2 chlorine 7x10-4-2.1x10-2 potassium 3x10-3-8.6x10-2 calcium 9x10-4-1.8x10-2 titanium 4x10-5-3x10-3 vanadium 2x10-5-4x10-3 chromium 2x10-5-3x10-3 manganese 7x10-5-4x10-3 iron 3x10-4-5x10-3 nickel 1x10-6-1x10-3 copper 2x10-4-9x10-4 zinc 7x10-4-8x10-3 bromine 7x10-5-9x10-4 lead 1x10-4-3x10-3

Essay on Inside the Head of Sigmund Freud - 1568 Words

Among the top minds of the 20th century lie many great men who have devoted their lives to research in order to conclude an achievement of everyday remembrance as well in providing useful and technical information that will advance us in the future. Amongst these men lie Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin, and Marie Curie. One name who is highly debated and criticized for his theories is neurologist Sigmund Freud. Arguments take place in order to prove Sigmund’s authenticity and the level of influence that he contributed. Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born May 6, 1856 in Moravia. Freud is highly known for his theories of the unconscious mind and for creating the clinical process of psychoanalysis, which treated psychopathology by†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the unconscious must distort the meaning of its information to make it through the conscious. As a result, the images in our dreams are not always what they appear to be. Therefore, dreams need to be inte rpreted by using psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the method developed by Sigmund Freud that was intended to investigate the mind, conclude a symptom, and to provide a treatment for the symptom. In today’s modern society, many discredit Psychoanalysis and deed it useless. As Mikkel Jacobsen said, â€Å"The truth is that Freud knew from the very start that Anna O. and his 18 patients were not cured, and yet he did not hesitate to build grand theories on these non-existent foundations...he disguised fragments of his self-analysis as ‘objective’ cases, that he concealed his sources, that he conveniently antedated some of his analyses, that he sometimes attributed to his patients ‘free associations’ that he himself made up, that he inflated his therapeutic successes, that he slandered his opponents. To many, there is not enough proof, truthiness, and cause of work to set Freud as the great neurologist that he is set to be. Yet, there are those who credit him and Psychoanalysis for being the stepping-stone towards today’s foundation of psychology. Freud had a serious of works publicized. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality contains Freud’s ‘discovery’ of psychosexual phases: oral, anal, phallic-oedi pal, latency, and matureShow MoreRelated goodman brown Essay628 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an excellent piece that clearly illustrates Sigmund Freud theory of repression through Young Goodman Brown’s faith in his puritan religion. 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Three theories that have been discussed in class and that are present in the movie Inside Out are the Memory Consolidation theory, Wish-Fulfillment theory, and the Creativity theory. Another theory,Read MorePersonality Is The Dynamic Organization Within The Individual Of Different Theories Of Personality Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy the human behavior using different theories of personality. While many theories are rational, the theory of the ‘Unconscious mind’ emphasized by Sigmund Freud most resonated with me in explaining one’s behaviors. Freud stressed the idea of our subconscious and its impact on our personality, using his analogy of the iceberg. 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Sigmund freud Sigmund freud showed importance of all childhood experiences and different events, Sigmund very much concerntrated on the mental disorders other than the normal functioning. According to Sigmund freud children’s development is portrayed as a array of psychosexual stages. In the three essays of sexuality Sigmund Freud zoned these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. All of the stages which are involved in the fulfillment the pleasure of a libidinal wish andRead MoreThe Raven, By Edgar Allen Poe1164 Words   |  5 Pages Any time someone thinks, their brain has a special, designated voice for their thoughts. This voice, allows an individual to in some degree, have a conversation with their self, without necessarily communicating out loud. 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According to Freud, â€Å"The dream is a psychic act full of import; its motive power is invariably aRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1711 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems will arise; Issues such as being more at risk for anxiety, stress, and health problems. Nervous exhaustion, just like anxiety, causes fearfulness more than anything else. This fearful thinking originates from the negative thoughts in a person’s head. It is similar to the idiom â€Å"you are what you eat†. In the event that someone who progressively consumes negative thoughts and decisions, will only produce negative outcomes. It is normal to have thoughts and feelings that are unfavorable. But once

Warfarin Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation

Question: Discuss about the Warfarin Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation that is a medical condition occurring due to irregular heartbeats in patient enhancing the chances of blood clots ultimately leading to a stroke. Warfarin therapy is an effective treatment for the atrial fibrillation and discontinuation of the green vegetables is essential as these works in against of the regulatory and remedial procedure undertaken by the Warfarin therapy (Moss et al., 2014). The essay is a case study of Mrs. Lillian Gamble who is suffering from atrial fibrillation and is under Warfarin therapy for treatment. This essay outlines the learning needs of Mrs. Lillian gamble, aids and barriers to effective treatment with the help of Warfarin therapy. Furthermore, formulation of smart objective for effective imparting of awareness and effective teaching aid that can be undertaken. According to the case study, Mrs Lillian Gamble is a 78 years old aged woman who carries a long history of medical conditions. Recently she has been suffering from atrial fibrillation with the symptoms that started to show up three months back in term of chest pain, palpitations and dyspnoea (Raine et al., 2016). The learning requirement of Mrs. Gamble is on Warfarin therapy and prohibition from eating green leafy vegetables. Warfarin is an anticoagulant tablets that increases the time of blood coagulation by making it thin. The blood clot inside the body can causes cardiac arrest, heart failure or the failure of any other essential organ leading to ultimately death. Besides this, the consumption of green leafy vegetables has been prohibited for her as these vegetables contain high levels of vitamin K that helps in coagulation process. Continual consumption of these along with Warfarin tablets will breach the thinning of the blood. Aid and barriers are most common and prevalent issues faced by the healthcare professionals when dealing with the patients for any malady or illness. The level of understanding for a disease is not common and updated by the patients that lead to a lag and huge gap in undertaking the optimal treatment imparted by healthcare professionals (Loewen et al., 2017). Same issue prevails in the case of Mrs. Gamble who does not know much about her condition that is atrial fibrillation, its symptoms and why she is prevented from eating green leafy vegetables. Furthermore, due to long history of severe health conditions she has severe pain in the body and further impairment of the physical movement and activities. Besides this, she is lagging in optimal cognitive skills that have affected her ability to remember provided information and effectual decision-making. Furthermore, her short stay in the hospital has also breached the detailed understanding on her medical condition, symptoms and implem ented preventions (Lee et al., 2016). Increment in self advocacy can be done with optimal awareness allowing them to make independent decisions based on the knowledge. The SMART approach has been undertaken along with the Blooms Taxonomy of Learning Objective for the formulation of procedures and aims (Kirchhof et al., 2016). The goals are: Specific: To enhance the existing knowledge with the help of optimal communication of Mrs. Lillian Gamble on her medical condition that is Atrial Fibrillation and its prevailing symptoms in her. Further enhancing knowledge on what dietary intake she is required to consume during the remedial treatment. Besides this, awareness is to be provided on the Warfarin therapy in accordance with the prevailing issues such as overall lack in education, cognitive skills, decision-making, learning and understanding. Undertaking of certain exercises such as flash cards or mcqs based on the guidelines of the hospital will help in achieving the target (Culebras et al., 2014). Measurable: To conduct this awareness program with her for a week in order to instil complete information required by Mrs Gamble on the prevailing conditions in her understandable terminologies and interpretation. The growth and development must be determined daily with the help of questionnaire and asking for feedback. This also undertakes qualitative analysis on the approach of Mrs. Gamble towards the imparted knowledge and further critical evaluation is to be conducted to mould the further training (Culebras et al., 2014). Achievable: Within a week, the awareness program must instil optimal knowledge on the atrial fibrillation and related must be provided with the help of certain guidelines and exercises. To achieve this goal within time, effective trained and professional approach by the healthcare professionals is required that undertakes the training with efficacious compassion and dedication. For this, such professionals must be trained enough of handling patients with conditions as Mrs. Gamble (Kirchhof, 2017). Result-Oriented: Each and every aspect of the atrial fibrillation, warfarin therapy and other important information related to it must be meet leading to the completion of the program. Such measures will help in providing person centred training required by Mrs. Gamble. Time-bound: Within a week, the newly implemented awareness program for Mrs Gamble must provide optimal information required. Optimal efficacy is determined by critically analysing the effectiveness of the imparted information with the help of questionnaire (Kirchhof, 2017). Effective teaching aids and optimal environment for learning are two prime factors required for the learning and understanding of the patient to be imparted by the healthcare professionals regarding their prevailing condition. As Mrs. Gamble is suffering from different conditions such as cognitive impairment, lack in understand, learning and formulating the decision-making on the basis of the information given, different teaching aids that can be used for her are displaying information with the help of flash cards, using motion picture, providing her written information on the prevalent condition, existing symptoms, and knowledge on remedial treatment undertaken such as Warfarin therapy (Gladstone et al., 2015). The remedial environment required for optimal imparting of the information requires good knowledge on the condition of the patient case history and current condition. Furthermore, any kind of pressure must not adhere in mrs. gamble while implementation of the exercise. Beside s this, optimal regulation of the teaching aids such as flash cards, motion picture or written information in the form of brochures, flyers or a written booklet must be provided to mrs. gamble along with a small diary in which she can write and preserve the allotted prescription for the optimal intake of the medication provided. Effective communication is one of the essential criteria to be followed on which all other factors for the optimal regulation of the exercise depends. Effective communication must be patient oriented and implemented cautiously by the healthcare professional making the patient comfortable, congenial and interested enough towards the communication (Tamura, 2013). The series of induction includes the study of the old age and the case history of mrs. Gamble. This analysis needs to be studied by the healthcare professional as well as mrs gamble as well in order to understand the reason behind the prevailing health condition. She is a 78 years old woman with a long history of medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, hip replacement and the rehabilitation, abdominal pain, distension, septicaemia, MRSA infection, pseudoarthrosis, dyspnoea, chest pain, artial fibrillation and pneumonia. This long history has triggered symptoms of artrial fibrillation such as palpitations, chest pain, reduced exercising capability, dyspnoea, confusion and short of breath. After acknowledging and imparting the case history, information must be provided on arterial fibrillation and its effect on the coagulation process conducted by blood. Information must be imparted on the Warfarin therapy that conducts thinning of the blood and information on Coumadin medication th at is provided to mrs. gamble for treatment. Besides this, regulation of optimal diet is essential and green leafy vegetables must be prohibited till the time Warfarin therapy is been undertaken. Green leafy vegetables are rich in vitamin K that undertakes the coagulation process of the blood. The Warfarin therapy or medication is undertaken for the thinning of the blood. The function of the Warfarin therapy and green leafy vegetables are just opposite and this will prevent optimal regulation and treatment of the arterial fibrillation in mrs gamble. Furthermore, importance of prescribing Coumadin which is a colour coded tablets of Warfarin especially made for the patients suffering from confusion and impaired cognitive skills (Graudins, Chen Hopper, 2015). At the end, approach of mrs gamble needs to be generalised towards this in order to generate self advocacy in her. Self advocacy will provide optimal decision-making which is extremely essential for the regulation of the treatmen t provided by the healthcare professional as per the extent of own understanding and learning. Conclusively, the induction procedure includes background study of mrs. gamble, study on atrial fibrillation its symptoms and remedial Warfarin therapy that leads to prohibition of intake of green leafy vegetables (Jun et al., 2015). According to a study conducted by Gomes et al. (2013), warfarin therapy is essential for the treatment of various maladies such as Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary Embolism (PE), artificial heart valves, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and others. Warfarin is a medicine that prevents the clotting of blood by thinning it. Furthermore, this medicine is essential after big surgeries such as bypass surgery, cardiac arrest or any other surgery of organs. Coumadin and Marevan are two different brands of the warfarin tablet are available for commercial purpose. They come in different colours for different strengths to prevent any sort of confusion during consumption. Mrs Gamble is suffering from atrial fibrillation that promotes blood clotting. Optimal undertaking of this tablet by her will prevent clotting by thinning the blood. Besides this malady, old age and severe medical case history one of the prevailing factors of the symptoms shown by her. Confusion, unable to take correct doses, palpitat ion, short breath, body pain, weakness and unable to walk are some of the essential symptoms leading to decrement in her condition (Gomes et al., 2013). Another study conducted by Bjorck et al. (2013), though there are many advantages of using Warfarin tablet, certain limitations are also there if doses are not maintained optimally. This may lead to haemorrhage that is release of blood from ruptured and broken blood vessels. Older patients suffering from atrial fibrillation tend to get exposed from haemorrhage mostly within the thirty days of starting of Warfarin therapy. Furthermore, atrial fibrillation is also responsible for ischemic stroke. Occurrence of this stroke increases with age mostly in the aged people above eighty years of age. Alteration in the required doses of Warfarin therapy increases the chances of ischemic stroke in the patients suffering from atrial fibrillation to a greater extent (Bjorck et al., 2013). A study conducted by Dennis et al. (2017) determines that warfarin therapy is one of the most prevailing anticoagulant medication that is accepted by different healthcare professionals yet its context and usefulness is not fully informed and accepted in remote areas. Scope for improvement for determined when an analysis for the warfarin tablet users in the remote areas of Northern Australia was undertaken. A very less number of patients were aware with the concept of anticoagulation property of warfarin tablets (Dennis et al., 2017). The necessary information for Mrs. Gamble undertakes sufficient knowledge towards her symptoms, her prevailing malady that is atrial fibrillation, prohibition on certain dietary intake such as green leafy vegetables and remedial treatment provided to her through Warfarin therapy. Furthermore, Mrs Gamble must be provided information on the doses of the Warfarin to be consumed in a day. Besides this, resourceful information must be provided on the treatment plan covering different questions such as the importance of the consumption of the Warfarin tablet and the time of next blood test to determine the amount of the time the blood takes to coagulate. Furthermore, information must be provided on how to undertake the optimal usage of Warfarin at home on own for the continual intake of the medication (Wang et al., 2014). This can be done by regular consumption of the medication as prescribed by the doctor with the help of the colour coding of the tablet. Additionally, Warfarin tablets mus t be consume along with the evening meal but other schedule is to be prescribed by the doctor and consumption must be undertaken accordingly. Information of missing the doses in accordance with the prescription must be directly consulted with the doctor to prevent any dangerous implications. Conclusively, warfarin therapy is a good method of providing relief to the patients but must be undertaken in accordance to the prescription. Furthermore, regular blood test must be conducted that determines how much time blood is taking to coagulate with the help of International Normalised Ratio. Lower value will lead to more coagulation and high value will lead to bleeding. Besides this, Mrs. Gamble requires to follow all rules and regulation for the consumption regulation and maintaining equilibrium in the warfarin therapy (Coyle et al., 2015). Conclusively, warfarin therapy is the best possible solution for the treatment of atrial fibrillation among aged people. Besides this, different barriers such as ageing and maladies have affected Mrs. Lillian Gamble cognitive skills and ability of understanding, learning and decision-making. The major goal of teaching the patients regarding their prevailing severe healthcare condition is to improve their existing knowledge on the disease and why different remedial measures has been undertaken. Furthermore, effective communication along with the usage of teaching aids will create awareness in the patient leading to self advocacy. This measure is extremely important for the optimal conduction and regulation of the treatment provided by the healthcare professional to the patient. References: Bjrck, S., Palaszewski, B., Friberg, L., Bergfeldt, L. (2013). Atrial fibrillation, stroke risk, and warfarin therapy revisited.Stroke,44(11), 3103-3108. Coyle, D., Coyle, K., Essebag, V., Birnie, D. H., Ahmad, K., Toal, S., ... Krahn, A. D. (2015). Cost effectiveness of continued-warfarin versus heparin-bridging therapy during pacemaker and defibrillator surgery.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,65(9), 957-959. Culebras, A., Mess, S. R., Chaturvedi, S., Kase, C. S., Gronseth, G. (2014). Summary of evidence-based guideline update: Prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.Neurology,82(8), 716-724. Dennis, J., Majoni, W., Tinsley, J., Kangaharan, N. (2017). Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy in Remote Communities of the Top End of Northern Australia.Heart, Lung and Circulation. Gladstone, D. J., Geerts, W. H., Douketis, J., Ivers, N., Healey, J. S., Leblanc, K. (2015). How to Monitor Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Practice Tool Endorsed by Thrombosis Canada, the Canadian Stroke Consortium, the Canadian Cardiovascular Pharmacists Network, and the Canadian Cardiovascular SocietyHow to Monitor Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants.Annals of internal medicine,163(5), 382-385. Gomes, T., Mamdani, M. M., Holbrook, A. M., Paterson, J. M., Hellings, C., Juurlink, D. N. (2013). Rates of hemorrhage during warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation.Canadian Medical Association Journal,185(2), E121-E127. Graudins, L., Chen, F., Hopper, I. (2015). Warfarin brands.Australian prescriber,38(5), 150. Jun, M., James, M. T., Manns, B. J., Quinn, R. R., Ravani, P., Tonelli, M., ... Hemmelgarn, B. R. (2015). The association between kidney function and major bleeding in older adults with atrial fibrillation starting warfarin treatment: population based observational study.bmj,350, h246. Kirchhof, P. (2017). Integrated care of patients with atrial fibrillation: the 2016 ESC atrial fibrillation guidelines. Kirchhof, P., Breithardt, G., Bax, J., Benninger, G., Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Boriani, G., ... Calvert, M. (2016). A roadmap to improve the quality of atrial fibrillation management: proceedings from the fifth Atrial Fibrillation Network/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference.Europace,18(1), 37-50. Lee, T. M., Ivers, N. M., Bhatia, S., Butt, D. A., Dorian, P., Jaakkimainen, L., ... Wing, L. (2016). Improving stroke prevention therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation in primary care: protocol for a pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial.Implementation Science,11(1), 159. Loewen, P. S., Ji, A. T., Kapanen, A., McClean, A. (2017). Patient values and preferences for antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Moss, R. C., Lowe, G. C., Frampton, C. A., Revell, P. (2014). A nurse-led randomised controlled trial of a structured educational programme for patients starting warfarin therapy.Journal of Research in Nursing,19(5), 402-412. Raine, D. T., Begg, G. A., Moore, J., Taylor, E. C., Buck, R. T., Honarbakhsh, S., ... Thomas, D. E. (2016). 59multipolar contact mapping guided ablation of temporally stable high frequency and complex fractionated atrial electrogram sites in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation60intra-cardiac and peripheral levels of biochemical markers of fibroses in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrilation61the don't wait to anticoagulate project (dwac) by the west of england academic health science network (ahsn) optimises stroke prevention for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF ....Europace,18(suppl 2), ii24-ii35. Tamura-Lis, W. (2013). Teach-back for quality education and patient safety.Urologic Nursing,33(6), 267. Wang, Y., Kong, M. C., Lee, L. H., Ng, H. J., Ko, Y. (2014). Knowledge, satisfaction, and concerns regarding warfarin therapy and their association with warfarin adherence and anticoagulation control.Thrombosis research,133(4), 550-554.

As I Read Graphic Organizer free essay sample

In the first column below, type any questions or thoughts you have as you read. In the second column, record an example or detail from the story that brought about your question or thought. In the third column, note any answers you find or conclusions you make about the examples or details you recorded in the first column. Your completed graphic organizer should have a minimum of five complete entries. As I Read Graphic Organizer My Questions and Thoughts as I ReadExample or Detail from the Text Answers or Conclusions Is the sister likely to succeed? The sister is not likely to succeed because he ignored the sign and there is no other choice but dying. How does this paragraph relate to the title of the story? Is this story scary? Sad? Funny? Something else? Explain. To be honest, the story is very sad because a innocent girl that only wanted to see her brother What does the pilot want? The pilot wants to save the girl. We will write a custom essay sample on As I Read Graphic Organizer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Is the pilot likely to succeed?The pilot is not likely to succeed because the others are die. What does the government want? The government wants the girl to die by being thrown off the ship. Is the government likely to succeed. The government is likely to succeed because hes getting what he asked for. Is the pilot a good person or a bad person? Explain. The pilot is a good person, because he really wants to save the girl, but everything thats going on right now he cant be the good person he wants to be.Is the sister a good person or a bad person? Explain. The sister is a good person, because she honestly didnt mean for all this stuff to happen for her self, but she wasnt aware of the law. What does the sister want? The sister only wants to see her brother. What will happen? The girl will be thrown off the ship into space and die. How does this paragraph relate to the title of the story? How does the authors description of Earth differ from, or contrast with, that of space?

Free Essays on Reaction To “Marrying Medicine“

In preparing for this assignment, I found myself interested in all of the four essays. This may seem trivial, or even predictable, if it weren’t for the fact that I honestly can’t remember the last time a read something that wasn’t directly related to passing a medical exam. I was moved by the awkwardness and passion in Tell Me, Tell Me; disturbed by the disclosures in Invasions; and intrigued by the conflict in Case Study: Please Don’t Tell! However, it was Marrying Medicine that really hit closest to home. Obviously the paper addresses an issue that concerns most female physicians and medical students. As the traditional â€Å"caregiver,† I think many of us tend to feel the need to care fully for our patients as well as care for our families. This creates a major source of conflict when time constraints prevent us from doing both. Furthermore, a legal obligation to provide care for the patients often tips the scales away from the people we would probably prefer to care for. As someone who is very close to and reliant on my family and very involved in personal relationships, it terrifies me to think my career choice may prevent me from creating the kind of home atmosphere I’m accustom to. Reading the essay again, I found another issue that was not quite as apparent, but that echoes a sentiment I’ve often felt. On one hand, Dr. Bannerjee knows what a competent, caring physician she is, and how she is desirable enough to have turned down many suitors. On the other hand, she has serious doubts about why her husband is with her. It’s almost as if she has two distinct personalities: one that is secure, confident, and in control and another that is insecure, doubtful, and fearful. While she is obviously more intelligent and attractive than most women, she still grapples with the insecurities that plague the rest of her gender. On top of it, she has to deal with another duality of her personality: her ambitious, h... Free Essays on Reaction To â€Å"Marrying Medicineâ€Å" Free Essays on Reaction To â€Å"Marrying Medicineâ€Å" In preparing for this assignment, I found myself interested in all of the four essays. This may seem trivial, or even predictable, if it weren’t for the fact that I honestly can’t remember the last time a read something that wasn’t directly related to passing a medical exam. I was moved by the awkwardness and passion in Tell Me, Tell Me; disturbed by the disclosures in Invasions; and intrigued by the conflict in Case Study: Please Don’t Tell! However, it was Marrying Medicine that really hit closest to home. Obviously the paper addresses an issue that concerns most female physicians and medical students. As the traditional â€Å"caregiver,† I think many of us tend to feel the need to care fully for our patients as well as care for our families. This creates a major source of conflict when time constraints prevent us from doing both. Furthermore, a legal obligation to provide care for the patients often tips the scales away from the people we would probably prefer to care for. As someone who is very close to and reliant on my family and very involved in personal relationships, it terrifies me to think my career choice may prevent me from creating the kind of home atmosphere I’m accustom to. Reading the essay again, I found another issue that was not quite as apparent, but that echoes a sentiment I’ve often felt. On one hand, Dr. Bannerjee knows what a competent, caring physician she is, and how she is desirable enough to have turned down many suitors. On the other hand, she has serious doubts about why her husband is with her. It’s almost as if she has two distinct personalities: one that is secure, confident, and in control and another that is insecure, doubtful, and fearful. While she is obviously more intelligent and attractive than most women, she still grapples with the insecurities that plague the rest of her gender. On top of it, she has to deal with another duality of her personality: her ambitious, h...

Functions of Uniformed Police Officers Research Paper

Functions of Uniformed Police Officers - Research Paper Example Other authorities are to maintain peace and security in their respective areas. A uniformed police officer performs many functions, such as, traffic control, crime prevention, and implementation of law. In this paper, we will describe crime prevention, which is one of the most important functions of a uniformed police officer. Crime Prevention Lab (2010) states, â€Å"Many crime prevention programs rely heavily on police activity† (p. 85). Crime prevention is an attempt to either prevent the crimes or reduce the level of criminal acts. Reducing the risk of being a victim is the basic objective of crime prevention. Gilling (1997) states, â€Å"Crime prevention incorporates not only the practices of the entire criminal justice system, but also those of many other social and public policies† (p. 2). A uniformed police officer reduces the crime rate and disorderly situations implementing effective crime prevention strategies. Crime prevention is a function, which involves d eploying protective people, prevention policies, and strategies (Hayes, 1997). These strategies are implemented in various judicial and extra judicial settings. It is one of the prime responsibilities of a uniform police officer to take proper measures to reduce the level of crimes in the country because crimes and violence not only make the lives of people insecure but also proves to be a risk for economy of a country. Implementation of crime prevention strategies plays a great role in the successful prevention and reduction of crime levels in a country. Sherman (2002) states, â€Å"Comprehensive crime prevention strategies frequently involve the mobilization of community members to participate actively in planning and implementing prevention activities† (p. 168). These strategies not only help the government in reducing the level of crimes but also help in generating the sense of security in the public living in any specific society. Crime prevention is a skill-based activi ty (Arrington, 2007, p. 27). The ultimate goal of crime prevention is to provide people with trustworthy security by eradicating crimes from the society. In order to achieve the goal of crime prevention, uniform police officers put an end to those specific factors or opportunities, which enable a criminal to get involved in any specific criminal activity. The main goal of crime prevention is not only to secure the lives and properties of the public but also to eliminate those reasons, which act as the root cause for the unlawful activities. It is one of the main goals of uniformed police officers to reduce or remove the opportunities for criminals from the country, and this goal can be achieved by increasing the desire among the public to act as the contributor to the improvement of society. Uniformed police officers create fear of punishment in the minds of criminals in order to prevent them from getting involved in any sort of criminal activity. Fear of punishment cannot be inject ed in the minds of criminals rather it is created by taking such steps, which should practically detain the criminals in order to create a risky environment for criminals. Crime rate in small part of a country puts a negative and fearful impact on whole country. People avoid going to those areas where there is no protection of life and property because security is always the first priority for every individual. It is the major responsibility of the uniformed police officers to apply such crime prevention

Moral dilemma of whether euthanasia is ethically acceptable Essay

Moral dilemma of whether euthanasia is ethically acceptable - Essay Example This paper weighs in on the ethics of euthanasia as it applies to elderly people near death and suffering, and in the context of such people being in nursing homes and hospices, being administered end of life care. My own experience visiting, interacting with residents and workers, and reflecting on those experiences at Brandon Woods is the mine of concrete experience on which I intend to draw insights into the ethics of euthanasia. This paper situates the discussion of the ethical acceptability of euthanasia in such elderly care settings from the perspective of at least three normative theories of ethics: Kant’s, utilitarianism, and cultural relativism. Ð ¡ultural Relativism:Cultural relativism basically posits that cultural perspectives color what is moral and ethical, and so people from one culture differ from another in terms of what they deem to be moral and ethical, or immoral and unethical. In other words, this perspective takes off from the observation in the natural world, that societies have differing takes on what is right and wrong, so that what is right and wrong in one culture may be at odds with how people in another culture view what is right and wrong. The texts give the example of the Eskimos, for instance, who have differing views on marriage, sex, infanticide, and taking care of the elderly from the west. The text further give the example of two differing cultures having differing takes on what is right and wrong when it comes to disposing of their dead fathers, with one culture practicing what the other culture deems to be immoral and unethical, and vice versa. The practices are eating the dead and cremating them. At the heart of cultural relativism is the position that morality is something that is arbitrary, or at most the result of how different cultures form their opinions about what is right and wrong. In this sense there is no absolute right and wrong, and that everything is a matter of practice, as well as of opinion. The fla w from this conclusion is also made evident in the text. Two or more cultures with differing ethical beliefs do not necessarily rule out the existence of an absolute moral and ethical standard. For instance, that one culture deems eating the bodies of their dead fathers unethical, and that another deems burning the remains of their dead fathers unethical, does not mean that there is no absolute moral and ethical standard with regard to disposing of the remains of dead fathers. It is just that two or more cultures differ in their beliefs. Similarly, that Eskimos differ in their beliefs from western society about marriage and selectively killing children does not mean that there are no absolute ethical standards concerning killing infants, and concerning swinging partners and leaving old people to die in the cold. For another example that drives home this point, that one culture views the world as flat rather than round, or that one culture deems the world to be created rather than be ing the product of evolution, does not mean that there is no absolute truth with regard to the roundness of the earth, or the validity of the proof of evolution theory. The problems with cultural relativism are compounded when one takes off from the premises of the theory and then pursues their logical consequences to the end. For instance, if morality and ethics are relative, then one culture is no better than the other, and there can be no talk of ethical or moral progress. There is only the relative belief of one culture as the basis of ethical judgment. This conclusion flies in the face of historical developments that see morality and

Marketing Case Study Levi

Marketing Case Study Levi Levi Strauss Company is one of the worlds leading brand-name apparel marketers with sales across the world. There is no other company with a equivalent worldwide presence in the jeans and casual pants market. Their market-leading apparel merchandise are sold under the Levis, Dockers, and Levis Strauss Signature brands. Today, the Levis trademark is one of the most globally recognized, and is registered in almost over 160 countries. Now, more than ever, constant and meaningful innovation is vital to their commercial success. The global business environment is intensely competitive. Worldwide trade, instantaneous communications and the effortlessness of market entry are among the forces putting greater pressure on merchandise and brand differentiation. To be successful, it is imperative that Levi Strauss continuously change, competing in new and different ways that are relevant to the changing times. What position in the market does Levi occupy (using the strategy clock to characterise its position) A strategy clock is based upon the work of Cliff Bowman. It is another suitable way to examine a companys competitive position by comparing the offerings of competitors The strategy clock allows one to consider competitive advantage in relation to cost advantage or differentiation advantage. (C. Bowman and D. Faulkner Competitive and Corporate Strategy Irwin 1996).There a six core strategic options, one of them are where Levi is positioned and this will be shown below. According to Bowmans Strategy Clock Levis displays Differentiation with price premium. This means that the company has value to its product and the customers to justify high costs. Differentiation is about charging a premium price that more than covers the additional production costs, and about giving customers clear reasons to prefer the product over other, less differentiated products. (Johnson, G Scholes, K 1997) The first indication of Levi been this position is that Levis states that they wanted to avoid price-based competition due to their history of brand recognition and brand loyalty to their customers. Therefore Levi created value to the customers by providing them with customised jeans and accustomed the price according to the Levis brand which carries enough clout to justify a reasonable price premium. Over the years though it seemed that the brand name lost some importance and it was critical for Levi to create valued features to the customers in order to differentiate them from their competitors. The cost structure showed that Levi sold their products through wholesale channels which were then distributed by the retailers. Levi also maintained a chain of Original Levi Stores. These two choices allowed Levis to be closer to the customers and help them satisfy their needs in the search for the perfect fitted jean. The next factor that indicates the position is that Levi emerged with mass production with the use of emerging communication and computer technologies. The concept allowed Levi to find a niche market and help them create a competitive advantage over the competitors by providing customized made jeans. Previously it was thought that highly-customized products were expensive to produce, however with information technology Levi was able to meet the customer needs for flexibility and it created a chance for Levi in becoming more economical. Levi found a way to make a mass production and have services delivered due to the technology. Levi was facing a lot of competitors that provided the low-cost and high volume producers, therefore they had an advantage over the company. The Personal Pair Proposal project allowed a discovery of a niche market and this allowed Levi to create differentiation from its competitors and by adding price premium. Levi wanted to avoid competing against the low-cost volume producers therefore Levi did market research and revealed that only a quarter of women were truly happy with how their jeans fitted them. This project was a jean customisation program that made it possible to approach the customers with having lower distribution costs and unsold inventory. The mass customised program allowed the costs to be lower as well as provide the differentiation advantage due to the reengineering process of new technologies. Therefore the position of differentiation is providing customers with value, medium prices and high perceived value is created for Levi jeans. The fact that there is value added with the service. The proposal of a $15 premium and with focused groups suggested that women would consider the price fair due to them finding a superior fit, which competitors have not done yet. Suggestions have been made that a realistically price would be between $5 and $10. The fact that there is a brand name involved it would not be considered for the premium to be $15 as customers know the quality of the jean that they will be receiving and the knowledge that the jeans are hand sewn. Manufacturing and raw materials will not be affected with the proposal both therefore eliminating unnecessary costs and allowing prices to be reasonable for the customers, which creates more value for differentiation. How confident are you that the Personal Pair project will change the differentiation and low cost trade-off? Levis has a legacy of being very durable and high quality jeans that last at a low cost. Levi is very high quality with a low cost but they somehow are losing favour with their customers. To compete in the always changing market Levis might have to enter into a new market which would be high quality with a high price. Therefore with evidence below I am confident to say that the Personal Pair will change the Low cost trade off. It is almost a must that Levi must change the differentiation and low cost trade-off. This would change Levis motto of high quality for a reasonable price, unless they start a new line to compete in the new market. Levi will move to incorporate a focus differentiation strategy where focus is on the higher end of the jeans market, yielding stronger profit margins due to price premium. The fact that customers expect prices to be higher due to quality the company cannot just reduce the prices even though with mass customisation will be cheaper. The idea of the perceive price has been set in the customers minds and therefore they are willing to pay a higher price for perceived added value to a particular segment, justify a price premium. Therefore it is vital the company prices the jeans correctly because the particulare market segments is not necessarily price sensitive and is willing to pay a higher amount for a jean that they know is going to fit them perfectly and is made of good quality fabrics. The personal pair proposal approach helps the customers who find a array of choices in the market place overwhelming, and to narrow down their specific needs. The Personal Pair Project adds extra value and therefore customers perceive the premium price to be high. These customers are approached and are helped to understand what their needs are, and with the offerings of a customized fitting jean it allowed customers to know that Levi is catering for their need which creates customer loyalty and a strong brand name. The actual manufacture products in a just-in-time fashion respond to specific customer request. What are Levis unique resources and core competence? Resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability that needs to be consumed to obtain a benefit from it. (Alexander Osterwalder, 2004) In most cases, commercial or even ethic factors require resource allocation through resource management. (Alexander Osterwalder, 2004) Unique resources are resources that are not easy to copy, incomparable to competitors and create value for the company. A core competency is a specific factor that a business sees as being central to the way it, or its employees, works. (Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990). It provides consumer benefits, it is not easy for competitors to imitate and it can be leveraged widely too many products and markets. (Prahald, C.K. et al (1990). Core competencies are particulare strengths relative to other organizations in the industry which provide the fundamental basis for the provision of added value. Core competencies are the collective learning in organizations, and involve how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies. (Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990) The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review (v.68, no.3) pp. 79-91). Levis core competencies were found in manufacturing, merchandising and marketing. With regards to manufacturing, Levi has decided to do mass customization for the customers. The mass customization results in them satisfying a number of customers needs and savings cost at the same time by producing in bulk. From a strategic point, the concept is based on finding a niche market. Mass customization uses emerging communication and computer technologies to bypass the limitations of traditional mass production methods. Therefore Levi had a core competency in meeting the customers needs by been more flexible and has greater choice in the market place with the help of manufacturing with the use of technology. In addition, a mass customisation model lowers the costs as well as it provides the differentiation advantage over the competitors, since the re-engineering process is often more efficient once the new technology is applied. Therefore Levi will have this competency of customers loyalty and brand recognition due to their needs been satisfied. The next core competency is merchandising, Merchandising is the methods, practices, and operations used to promote and sustain certain categories of commercial activity. (Kunz, Grace (2005). In the broadest sense, merchandising is any practice which contributes to the sale of products to a retail consumer. Levi is doing this by offering the customers a chance to find the perfect fitting jean. Levi operation equips the store with networked PCs and personal pair kiosks. Customers will be measured and with this technology operation and practice it results in one of 4ÂÂ  224 possible size combinations. The computer generates a code for the number of correspondents. This practice gives Levi a competitive advantage as they would be the first company to offer these unique resources to the customers. Lastly you can see the core competency of Levi in their marketing. Levi is such a well known brand, and is given terms such as authentic, genuine and original. This indicates that they are widely known and considers having customer recognition. Therefore Levi is able to market to their customers that are willing to pay for the quality products. The marketing strategy allowed differentiation to be possible and to offer the customers a new product development of a perfect fitted jean. Levis aspects of the VRIO framework: Valuable: Has a history of Brand Loyalty and Recognition and remains number one internationally in its markets. Rare: Has a strong branding image. Levis is marketed as authentic and genuine and enjoys customer support. Inimitable: Jeans are US made unlike competitors. Levis provides generous packages to employees retention of HR. Organised: Manufacturing is key core competency and is managed to have maximum value for resources (J.F Smith, 06/22/2009). Should Levi go ahead with the joint venture? What would you recommend and why? Yes, Levis should go ahead with the joint venture with Custom Clothing Technology Corporation (CCTC). Levi stands to lose this opportunity to competitors if it decides to not move forward. Market research has shown that more than ÂÂ ¾ of women are not fully satisfied with fit of their jean, this is almost guaranteeing a market segment that will be willing to buy the perfect fit. Low-cost and high value competition makes it necessary to create value features that would differentiate it in the eyes of the consumer. Therefore by joining CCTC, Levi will be able to get the technology expertise on how to create and capture different possible size jeans for different shaped people. Offering this to the customers will allow them to feel that they are been catered for and therefore willing to pay the price in order to feel good. This creates customer loyalty at the end of the day due to customer intimacy, Levi should ensure that the intimacy is marketed and to show the benefits. Levi should at first enter into the proposal cautiously by choosing to enter a test phase before proceeding in joining the full scale project. The result of doing this will ensure that Levi will be making a good decision and know more about what they are getting involved with. Levi will benefit this joint venture in many ways. Firstly with mass customisation and offering the customers a perfect fit can result in Levi to better adapt to the individual needs and wishes. This means that it will result in the customers to less likely switch brands. Levi should also consider the fact that by going into a joint Venture with CCTC and offering mass customisation it will help Levi learn directly from the customers and it will help them identify the new trends and the taste that improves the New Product Development. This is because Levi will be dealing with a variety of customers of different shapes and sizes and needs to understand that they require and look for different styles. Therefore Levi will get a hand full of people to represent the possible sizes and this creates the customer value. This venture can allow more customers needs responded to and therefore by allowing the customers to participate in the New Product Development allows the product to be accepted by the market much faster. Levi will be catering for them and they will respond due to Levi identifying that there is a need for a perfectly fitted jean. Levi must understand that by doing this venture they are responding to the individual needs of the customers. The response of one person will lead to them telling their friends, the word of mouth is a very powerful and very cheap form of communication. Levis Strauss can only benefit from joining the CCTCs approach. At the end of the day it will add value to Levis value chain due to them catering for their customers needs and wants. The fundamental idea in this approach is to gain customers satisfaction and if Levi does not take this opportunity another company will. Creating this system which is driven by the customers demands and specific to the exact needs of their customers CCTC can help Levi ultimately make their business be more aware and learn more about their customers and how to fully achieve customer satisfaction. Without a joint venture with CCTC and outside value chain analysis, Levi might not be able to grasp the actual scope of the opportunities that they were missing out on. This joint venture will help the company adapt to the fast growing industry and competition, it can also help the company differentiation. Due to the fact that the competition is offering lower prices it is vital that Levi offers something unique to the customers. Levi wants to avoid price based competition because they had a history of brand recognition and brand loyalty. Therefore it would be wiser to join this venture with CCTC and create customer value and customer satisfaction. Personal pair was a jeans customisation program which will make the joint venture with Custom Clothing Technology Corporation. Together these companies can enter the mass customisation with the help of technology. CONCLUSION: A valuable lesson that can be taken from this case is how necessary it is to keep up with your brand image and customer loyalty. Being content with one niche in a market such as clothing is never acceptable and is therefore necessary that Levi makes the joint venture successful. Styles, times, and preferences are changing so rapidly, that a clothing line must be able to meet the needs and wants of their customers. While Levis still had a market in the older generations, they were missing out on a huge market that likes to shop and that are looking for the perfectly fitted jean no matter what their size was. The second implication that can be applied to other companies would be their option for strategic alliance. Levis really needs some help in the area of brand image and by collaborating with Customer Clothing Technology Corporation, they will have a whole new consumer market. Levis has learned that they cannot be comfortable in one market for too long because that alienates another market such as the younger generations. Collaborating with CCTC, the company can obtain certain advantages that can only help Levi with the competitive environment. Therefore Levi can improve its customer value chain and achieve maximum customers satisfaction with mass customization. Harvard References: Alexander Osterwalder, 2004 Barney, J.B. and Hesterly, W.S. (2008). Strategic management and Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases. 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall C. Bowman and D. Faulkner Competitive and Corporate Strategy Irwin 1996). Dr Brian Squire, Supply Chain Management Research Group, Manchester Business School, Executive Briefing 2006-04 J.F Smith, 06/22/2009 Johnson, G., Scholes, K, 1997). Phil Dourado, Bart de Boever, Dirk De Vos the annual, organised by ICBI and held in Paris. Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990) The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review (v. 68, no. 3) pp. 79-91. )

Comparing Alienation in My Life to Frost’s Mending Wall and Melville’s

Comparing Alienation in My Life to Frost’s Mending Wall and Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener A mere cursory glance at my life suggests that my life has been free from alienation. While it is true that as a heterosexual Caucasian male growing up in a predominately white community I did not experience much isolation based on my skin color, my gender, or my sexual orientation. I was not immune to alienation as a child. My timidity that came about as a result of having no older siblings in whose steps I could follow, in addition to my slightly above-average intelligence proved to be the grounds for fellow students to treat me differently than they treated others. My feelings of alienation while growing up are similar to those both the speaker of Robert Frost’s "Mending Wall," and Bartleby, of Herman Melville’s "Bartleby, the Scrivener" experience. Just as in Frost’s "Mending Wall," the speaker questions why his neighbor insists upon keeping the barrier between the two, asking, "Why do they [fences] make good neighbors?" so I, to this day, question why I was alienated as a child (line 30). In my first few years of grade school, I had lots of friends - it seemed as though everyone liked everyone else. As time progressed, however, students began to notice differences between themselves and others and act according to those often inaccurate perceptions. I remember being criticized for a variety of unsubstantiated reasons - whether it was for tucking my shirt in when it was popular to leave t-shirts untucked, for not having heard of the latest musical group, for doing my work diligently, or for getting a 100% on the test - the sarcastic and hurtful remarks did not sit well with me. Though it is clear they most likely made such co... ...at he simply "would prefer not to." Allowing myself to feel alienated by living in submission to my fears made my early days at school miserable. None the less, in the end, the situation turned out for the better. As my peers and I matured and I "proved myself" to them by making my voice heard in class discussions and other aspects of school outside of academics, and as I learned to expect more from others, the alienation slowly came nearly to a standstill. There will always be those who treat some people poorly. That’s their loss. Once one is able to acknowledge the fact that though unfriendly, ill-natured people do exist, not all humanity acts as such, his alienation can be overcome. Even Bartleby and Frost’s narrator could have overcome their alienation. All they had to do was put forth some effort to break down the barriers between themselves and their peers.

Marriage and Family Therapy Essay

This paper will also evaluate five major themes relevant to Marriage and Family Therapy which include: ethical dilemmas in marriage and family counseling, premarital counseling qualifications of marriage and family therapists including licensure and certification. The biblical insight related to marriage and family therapy will also be explored as well as my personal reflections about this topic. History and Development of Marriage Counseling Marriage counseling was established in the early 1930’s. Counselors recognized the advantages and effectiveness of treating married couples in joined sessions. This growing appreciation for patterns of relationships in families led to numerous studies on marital conflict and dynamics and the effects on children’s development. In 1932, there were three marital clinics said to open. They worked with individuals and their difficulties adhering to traditional gender role expectations. Developed and founded in the late 1970’s was the Marriage and Family Therapy’s code of ethics which is called The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). The organization’s philosophy was that marriage and family therapy were two separate areas, each with their own histories, concepts and differing practices. (AAMFT, 2012) Introduction of Marriage and Family Counseling Counseling is to help persons understand and clarify their views of their life space, and to learn to reach their self-determined goals through meaningful, well-informed choices and through resolution or problems of an emotional or interpersonal nature. (Burks and Steffire, 1979 . Focusing on a broader field in counseling, What is Marriage and Family Counseling? Marriage and family counselors work with couples and families on a wide range of clinical problems including, but not limited to, depression, marital strife, communication, and anxiety and child-parent problems. Marriage and family counseling is not just for unhappy or struggling couples, couple’s therapy can be used proactively to strengthen bonds and to gain a better understanding of one other. In addition, before a marriage begins pre-marital counseling can help couples achieve a deeper understanding of each other and iron out differences before their wedding day. They also help families learn to solve their problems by managing their relationships effectively. Family therapists often work with individuals, the couple and parents and children to get a better perspective of patterns that affect the entire system to develop strategies for modification. (Corey, Corey ;amp; Callanan p. 450 2011). Family Counseling is important to the counseling field this therapy can help people within the family to resolve their disputes and quarrels through effective communication. Proper communication with the help of a therapist or a counselor can help family members discuss their problems and issues with each other. The importance of the family in our development as whole and healthy individuals is recognized as a basic truth by. In most cases, however, a disturbed and distressed client will have some difficult, challenging relationships within his/her family and these will need to be explored and addressed if the client is to discover and create relief and resolution of their problem. Biblical Insights related to Marriage and Family Therapy In the book, Competent Christian Counseling it states that â€Å"To understand the individual, the one must see the individual in the context of his or her system of relationships† This implies that the quality of a individual is much more than one person, the person is a part of a social system that begins with family. (Clinton ;amp; Ohlsclager p. 518 2002). From a biblical aspect Family is described as a social system that progressed by forming a set of rules, roles, power structure. Forms of communication and way to solve problems. There are four key principles that a Christian counselors point out when approaching any family. The first one is â€Å"The family, in is social dimensions, reflects God†. Meaning that The Father, Son and Holy Spirit all have unique distinctiveness however they are â€Å"one† as God; this is compared to the Family. A family can consist of a mother, father and children or a mother and husband. If thought they are their own persons, they are considered â€Å"one†. The second key principle that is describe is â€Å"Family health, individual health, and maturity are inseparably entwined†. This key principle entails that the powers of family identity and socialization is significant for growth and development among each family member, which can ultimately lead to healthy family living. â€Å"The Family is also like the church is that next basic principle, meaning that a family has functions like the church. Finally, the last key principle describes states that â€Å"Trouble is reproduced, but can also be stopped, in families and in generations of families†. This key principle indicates that there is a psychosocial and spiritual relation among family reproduction pertaining to alcoholism and other issues as describes in Competent Christian Counseling as â€Å"generational curses†. Christians believe that these issues within families from generation to generation can be transformed through Christ. A example is that of Abraham found in Genesis 20. Abrahams family was said to show favoritism to certain children, which continued for three generations. When it comes to marriage counseling, Christian counselors believe marriage counseling helps couples to understand God’s pattern for husband-wife relationships, diagnoses unbiblical patterns and their root causes, and prescribes God’s solutions for soul change that leads to relational growth. Biblical marriage counseling should result in enhanced relationship: closeness with Christ, intimacy with your spouse, and a sense of greater peace. Biblical insights involving to family counseling, the focus is solutions, not simply external solutions. Your counselor will help you to understand God’s design for healthy family living, will assist you to assess unhealthy and unbiblical ways of relating as parents and children, and will equip you to reconcile and grow in your family relationships. Counselor Identity, Functions and Ethics of Marriage and Family Counseling The practice of Marriage and Family counseling rest on the foundation of systems theory, which views psychological problems as arising from within the person’s present environment and intergenerational family system. Corey, Corey, Callanan p. 449 2011). The systems theory is very similar to the views on Christian Counselors as stated earlier; â€Å"Trouble is reproduced, but can also be stopped, in families and in generations of families†. Marriage and Family therapists follow a specific code of ethics know as The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Founded in 1942 as the American Association of Marriage Counselors, the A AMFT has been involved with the problems, needs and changing patterns of couples and family relationships. The association focuses on increasing understanding, research and education in the field of marriage and family therapy, and ensuring the quality training of marriage and family therapists. AAMFT members meet standards for education and training and are held to the ethical standards of the profession. (AAMFT, 2011) AAMFT ethics are broken down in eight core areas. The first area is the responsibility to Clients. Marriage and family therapist have a responsibility to the welfare of both the family and individuals in the family. Therapists are to make reasonable efforts to guarantee their services are used properly and accordingly. Confidentiality is the next core area, which applies to all code of ethics pertaining to the counseling field. Confidentially in Marriage and Family is distinctive because the therapist is dealing with a group of people. However, the AAMFT insist on therapists to respect the confidentiality of each individual client. Although, confidentiality is essential, there are some exceptions. Those exceptions include, mandates by the law pertaining to cases of child and elderly abuse, incest, or abuse to persons with disabilities. A therapist has an exemption from confidentially when it is necessary to protect clients from hurting themselves and others (AAMFT, 2011). When working with a family, all family members must agree concerning the release of any information. Some therapists, in fact, arrange for sessions with individual family members to actively encourage the sharing of â€Å"secrets† to better understand what is occurring in the family. The therapist then may work with the individual client in the hope of enabling that person to disclose the same information in the family session. Marriage and family therapists are to maintain high standards if professional competence and integrity. Therapists must remain current on any developments and advances relevant to their field of practice. They can do this by continuing education, training, workshops and interacting with other professionals in the marriage and family therapy field. (Corey, Corey ;amp; Callanan p. 452 2011). Therapists also have a responsibility to students and supervisees. They are not to manipulate the trust and dependency of the students and supervisees in which there are working with. Responsibility to the profession is the next core is in the AAMFT code of ethics. This includes reporting people practicing without a license and contributing to community service for advancement of the society. The next core area is financial arrangements. Marriage and family therapists are not to misuse clients financially for services. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions states that clients are to be â€Å"truthful in representing facts to clients and to third parties regarding any services rendered†. The last core area in the ethical standards of Marriage and family therapy is advertising. Therapists are able to truthfully represent their competence, education, training and experience in marriage and family therapy. Nevertheless, they should not advertise themselves as specialists with show evidence and supporting this assertion. The therapist’s primary responsibilities are to protect the rights and to promote the welfare of his or her clients. The dilemma with multiple clients is that in some situations an intervention that serves one person’s best interests may be conflicting to another. Indeed, the very reason that families tend to seek therapy is because they have conflicting goals and interests. The family therapist must insure that improvement in the status of one family member does not Occur at the expense of another family member. Other therapists implement the policy of not keeping secrets from other family members. They clearly discourage the sharing of any information that might lead to a special alliance with one individual and that excludes the remaining uninformed family members. The impact of the therapist’s values, unavoidable in any counseling process, can play a particularly role in marriage and family therapies. Issues discussed in family therapy elicit very important personal, familial, and societal values regarding preservation of the family system, extramarital relationships, and sex roles. Dealing with these values is not easy, particularly when the therapist confronts a conflict in values among different family members and is inclined to reinforce the beliefs and attitudes of one family member over another (Hines & Hare p. 65 1978). Premarital Counseling Couples now face more demands and have fewer supports than ever before. The typical complex marriage includes managing two careers while rearing children – really requires that couples have very strong, well-established abilities to communicate, resolve issues, maintain support and set goals. Without this foundation, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed by stress and time pressures . Problems can intrude much more easily than most couples realize. Therefore, premarital counseling is recommended for couples looking to eventually get married. Research shows that premarital counseling reduces the risk of divorce by up to 30% . Premarital counseling is a type of therapy that helps couples prepare for marriage. Premarital counseling can help ensure that you and your partner have a strong, healthy relationship, giving you a better chance for a stable and satisfying marriage. Premarital counseling can also help you identify weaknesses that could become bigger problems during marriage. There are a variety of formats of counseling through local psychology and counseling centers, including individual counseling, small group counseling and interactive seminars where couples participate with a large number of other couples. (Wright p. 65 1992) Characteristics and Qualifications of Marriage and Family Therapists To be qualified as a marriage and family therapist requires not just that you get the right degree, pass the right tests and meet the licensing requirements, but that you possess qualities that prove you to be both sensitive and firm. Corey, Corey and Callanan in Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions identifies personal characteristics for effective marriage and family therapists as being assertive, confident, accepting, appreciating the influence of diversity to just name a few. Self knowledge is predominantly vital for marriage and family therapists because when working with a family, their reactions and perceptions are influenced by their own regard to family of origin issues. Marriage and Family Therapists must be sensitive to dealing with people’s most personal and graphic secrets, shame, guilt and rage. A Marriage and Family therapist should be embarrassed to hear about these things or make distasteful comments about a chosen lifestyle or action, otherwise she risks shutting out the patient. An effective marriage and family therapists must listen to stories that are painful to hear but should remember that those stories are always more painful for the teller than the listener. An important quality in an marriage and family therapists is recognizing the difference between judging and advising. A good marriage and family therapist will help the patient with insights into sensible decisions that lead to greater personal happiness and responsibility but will not tell the patient what choice to make or ask the patient to adhere to the therapist’s own likes and dislikes. An marriage and family therapist should distinguish between dysfunctional qualities in a patient and those that are simply non-normative. Marriage and family therapists may hear confessions of illegal activity or hear from the victims of crimes, and legal codes dictate what they have to report. A therapist’s job is not just to listen but to encourage the patient to take action in his life to get the patient to see their actions in a clear light and make good decisions in turn. Marriage and family therapist can become eligible for state certification, or licensure, upon completion of their internship. First, candidates must register with the Association of Marital and Therapy Regulatory Boards. The Regulatory board will examine the applicant’s credentials, education and experience to establish competency before the applicant can qualify for testing. State certification costs vary from state to state. Each state has different rules regarding retesting if the candidate does not pass the test on his or her first attempt. Upon completion of the test, scores are validated and mailed to the candidate. A candidate who has passed the state exam is called a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and is free to practice in a private or clinical setting. The educational requirements to become a Marriage and Family Therapist are regulated by each state and thus may vary; however, most will require a master’s degree or higher in Marriage and Family Therapy or a related field from an accredited institution. It is essential for students to gain experience in working with a selection of families from different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. A program that offers a all-inclusive course work and clinical supervision provides the ideal learning situation. Corey, Corey & Callanan p. 457 2011) Ethical Dilemmas is Marriage and Family Counseling Couples counselors and family and marriage therapists are likely to encounter many ethical dilemmas throughout their careers. Because of the nature of couple’s therapy, issues pertaining to informed consent, confidentiality, multiple relationships, and value systems can have a damaging effect of the counselor-client relationship if they aren’t handled appropriately and dis cussed by both parties at the beginning of the counseling relationship. Informed consent refers to the process of informing clients about the therapeutic process. Issues such as fees and payment schedules, appointment cancellation policy, theoretical framework that the counselor employs in his practice, approaches and techniques the counselor intends to use with clients and the limits of confidentiality should all be discussed. In addition to discussing verbal consultation, clients also should be given an informed consent package detailing all the information discussed in session. Clients should be asked to sign an informed consent document for both the client and counselor’s records. In couple’s counseling, informed consent prevents misunderstandings, disagreements and hostility between the counselor and the client. (AAMFT, 2011) One of the biggest ethical dilemmas in any kind of counseling is confidentiality. This is particularly complicated when it comes to couples counseling in which couples receive both individual and couple counseling. It is important for the counselor to determine early on in the counseling process whether information disclosed in individual counseling sessions will be kept confidential or if both individuals will sign waivers allowing what’s discussed in private sessions to be brought up in couples counseling. According to the AAMFT Code of Ethics, counselors must discuss the limits of confidentiality with their clients and make sure clients understand these limits. Article 2. of the AAMFT Code of Ethics states that â€Å"marriage and family therapists do not disclose client confidences except by written authorization or waiver, or where mandated or permitted by law. Verbal authorization will not be sufficient except in emergency situations, unless prohibited by law. When providing couple, family or group treatment, the therapist does not disclose information outside the treatment context without a written authorization from each individual competent to execute a waiver. In the context of couple, family or group treatment, the therapist may not reveal any individual’s confidences to others in the client unit without the prior written permission of that individual. † (AAMFT, 2011) In counseling, multiple relationships refer to a situation when the counselor and client are engaged in a sexual or nonsexual relationship outside the counseling relationship. Multiple relationships are often unavoidable, especially in small towns; as a counselor, you may attend the same church as your clients, your children might be on the same soccer team or you may serve on the same board or council. However, multiple relationships should always be avoided when possible. In couples counseling, multiple relationships can further complicate the counseling relationship if the counselor is involved in a multiple relationship with one client but not the other. The client that is not involved in the multiple relationships may feel that the counselor is taking sides or treating her unfairly. (Corey, Corey ;amp; Callanan 2011) At some point in their careers, counselors are likely to encounter couples with a value and belief system that differs significantly from their own. Within the counseling relationship, the counselor has a position of authority; the counselor must not take advantage of this position by trying to impose his values on the client or clients. Counselors must understand that individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, ethnicities and religions than their own may have different value systems. It is not the counselor’s job to change his client’s value system; it is only the counselor’s job to help clients become comfortable with the decisions they make within their personal value systems. Article 1. of the AAMFT Code of ethics states that â€Å"marriage and family counselors respect the rights of clients to make decisions and help them to understand the consequences of these decisions. (AAMFT, 2011). Personal Reflections In today’s world more and more people are experiencing life struggles when it comes to family. These issues can range from problems in a marriage, how to deal with your children issues and understand yourself and how to deal with your family and certain issues. The area of marriage and family counseling/therapy has had an outbreak over the past decade. The counselors are expected to work effectively with families experiencing a variety of issues and problems. In marriage and family therapy/counseling there are so many different types of techniques that are out there but should be used and looked upon not a cure, but a method to help mobilize the family. Choosing this topic wasn’t hard for me because of the love I have my family and evaluating what I believe needs to be repaired and what I believe stands strong for us. I believe in saving marriages and families, I think it is really important. Having strong family and a stable marriage plays such a major part in kids lives today, they need a solid foundation in order to have a healthy life. Watching so many young couples get divorce after less than two years of marriage and seeing how the kids suffer really from the break up of the family. I believe that if younger therapist/counselors were out there and start getting involved in the community, church and conducting seminars relating to marriage and families this could be the beginning of change. This is why I chose this topic to research.