The 7 Books Every Pre-Med Student Should Read

The 7 Books Every Pre-Med Student Should Read SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the best ways to learn about your future career is to read about it. That’s true for becoming a doctor, too! As a pre-med student, books about medicine can help you prepare for medical school, but they can also introduce you to what it really means to care for your patients. That’s why we’ve compiled a list of the seven books every pre-med student must read before they go to medical school. This list includes everything from MCAT prep books to grislybut educational!books about the darker side of medical history. We’ve also included works that introduce you to some of the social and ethical complexities of medicine, too. Not only will these books widen your perspective on the field of medicine, they’ll also help you become a better doctor. Book #1: The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister's Quest to Transform the Grisly World of Victorian Medicine by Lindsey Fitzharris Winner of the 2018 PEN/E.O. Wilson Prize for Literary Science Writing, Fitzharris’ book takes readers into the dark world of Victorian medical science. Up until the mid-Victorian period, surgery was often tantamount to a death sentence. Doctors didn’t wash their hands or their instruments, the surgical operating theatre was open to spectators, and post-operative infection was considered a good thing! That all changed thanks to Joseph Lister, a British surgeon who pioneered the field of germ theory. Fitzharris gives readers a glimpse into the bloody history of medicine in Victorian England and traces Lister’s journey to change the field of surgical medicine. The Butchering Art is equal parts gruesome and fascinating, and we guarantee that you won’t be able to put it down. Actually, if you can’t get enough of the morbid history of medicine after reading Lindsey Fitzharris’ book, don’t worry! We also recommend Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything by Lydia Kangwhich explores the worst malpractices of medical historyand The Anatomy Murders by Lisa Rosner, which tells the story of medical body snatching and how it led to England’s first recorded serial killers. These books are guaranteed to help you understand the history of medicine better...and they might keep you up at night, too. Book #2:The Emperor of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, PhD When a book wins a Pulitzer Prize, you know it’s a good read. That’s definitely the case for The Emperor of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee, which provides a â€Å"biography† of cancer. Mukherjee traces the history of the disease all the way from its appearance thousands of years ago to today, and in doing so, helps readers better understand cancer as a disease. He also spends time looking at modern cancer treatment and talking about the future of cancer research, which will bring you up to speed on critical advancements in your future field. No matter what type of medicine you want to practice, cancer is the specter that haunts them all. Having a better understanding of the history and future of the disease will not only better prepare you to face it in your own medical career, but it will help you understand how to best support your patients who face such a scary diagnosis. Mukherjee’s sharp writing style makes this book a page turner that you don’t want to miss! (And once you’re done, you can watch the documentary, which was directed by none other than Ken Burns.) Book #3:Med School Uncensored by Richard Beddingfield, MD Now that we’ve given you two fascinating books about the history (and future!) of medicine, it’s time to turn to more traditional pre-med fare. That’s why we’ve chosen Med School Uncensored by Dr. Richard Beddingfield, which is an entertaining, pull-no-punches insider look at medical school. Advertised as a â€Å"good, bad, and ugly† guide to medical school, Beddingfield shares advice with readers that he wishes he knew before starting med school process himself. (He’s a cardiothoracic anesthesiologist, if you’re wondering.) Beddingfield’s book is a comprehensive guide to medical school, and he makes sure to incorporate perspectives from other doctors to give readers a comprehensive and reliable look at what it’s like to become a doctor. His goal is to demystify the process and help people better understand what they’re getting into when they decide to become a doctor. Even more importantly, Beddingfield gives you practical guidance to help you navigate every step of your med school journey. Med School Uncensored is definitely required reading for every pre-med student! If you’re looking for even more insider knowledge about the medical school experience after you finish Med School Uncensored, you can also check out Med School Confidential by Robert H. Miller and Daniel M. Bissell, MD. It also gives you a peek behind the proverbial curtain. Even though it was published more than ten years ago, Med School Confidential offers great time-tested advice about the med school process and covers everything from applying to medical schools to finding the perfect job after earning your white coat. Book #4: MCAT Complete 7-Book Subject Review 2019-2020 by Kaplan Test Prep Ah, yes...the dreaded MCAT exam. The MCAT is the test all aspiring doctors have to take before they can apply to medical school. It’s designed to be a rigorous test of your medical knowledge, and your score on the MCAT can determine whether you get into your dream school...or not. Basically, the MCAT is the medical school version of the SAT and ACT, and it’s just as important. Here’s the deal: the MCAT exam can make or break an aspiring doctor. That’s why we’ve chosen the beefiest MCAT prep book series out there to get you on the right track. We can’t emphasize it enough: studying for the MCAT early and often is critical to your success. This study set gives you many of the tools you need to get ready for the MCAT, including hundreds of practice questions, illustrations to help you visualize key concepts, and practice tests to help you get to know the test format long before exam day. And since this series is published by Kaplan, you can rest assured that you’re getting the most up-to-date exam advice, too! Book #5: Being Mortal by Atul Gawande If you haven’t heard of Atul Gawande, you’re missing out: he’s a surgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, teaches at Harvard Medical School, and is a New York Times best-selling author. Basically, he’s a rockstar. All of his books about medicineincluding The Checklist Manifesto and Complicationsare worth reading, but for our money, Being Mortal is the book that no pre-med student should miss. And the critics agree: not only was Being Mortal voted one of the best books of 2017 by...well, basically everyone, it also spent a staggering 85 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. So like we said, it’s definitely a book that’s worth your time. Being Mortal deals with one of the hardest aspects of medicine: end-of-life care. It can be hard for doctors, whose job it is to fight off death every day, to realize when it’s best to stop treating the illness and start giving palliative care. Gawande explores how the American medical system deals with aging and the inevitable illness that comes with it, and he argues that medical treatment should focus on how patients want to live rather than just extending life, especially in terminal circumstances. As a pre-med student, you’re going to school to become a doctor and save lives. But Gawande’s book shows young, aspiring doctors that their job is about more than preserving lifeit’s about giving quality of life, too. Being Mortal will transform the way you think about dying, and it will definitely change the way you practice medicine. Book #6: Ask Me About My Uterus by Abby Norman Abby Norman had her whole life ahead of her: as a bright young student, she had just started attending Sarah Lawrence College. But everything ground to a halt when she woke up one day in excruciating abdominal pain. Ask Me About My Uterus is Abby’s memoir about her eight-year journey from the onset of her illness to getting a firm diagnosis. This book gives readers a patient’s perspective on the medical system, especially when it comes to treating women. Norman explains that doctors rarely take women’s pain seriously: in fact, when women report being in pain, they are more likely to be prescribed sedatives than pain killers than men who complain of similar symptoms. As she walks through her experience, she also researches the history of medicine and exposes how often it’s biased against women. As a future doctor, it’s important for you to understand how medicine, even as it works to help and heal, isn’t immune from prejudice. The only way to combat this is for up-and-coming doctors (like you!) to understand how the current medical system falls short. And that’s why we picked Norman’s book for our list. Not only will Ask Me About My Uterus help you better understand what it’s like to be a patient with a chronic, undiagnosed illness, it will also open your eyes to the gender biases of the medical field. Book #7: Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance by Angela Duckworth Okay, okay. This book isn’t technically about medicine. Instead, Grit is a book about how passion and perseverance, rather than raw talent or achievement, is the key to long-term success. More importantly, Grit teaches readers how to push through challenges and setbacks to reach your goals. So why have we decided to give Duckworth’s book a place on our list? It’s simple: medical school is hard. (And that’s an understatement!) There’s no coasting through classes, and most students will find themselves struggling at some point. This can be really hard for medical students, are often ambitious and high achieving. And that’s a good thing! But you also need to learn how to push through adversity and hardship if you’re going to make it in medical school. In her book, Duckworth shows readers how to cultivate perseverancewhat she calls â€Å"grit†which is what allows people to handle adversity and learn from their mistakes. She also gives helpful tips for developing tenacity, and how to use failure as a springboard toward your goals. By developing a little more grit, you’ll be better prepared to tackle any obstacle med school throws your way! What’s Next? Now that you’ve got these books under your belt, take some time learning more about what it means to be â€Å"pre-med,† and what that means for getting into medical school. If you’re still in high school, there’s plenty you can do to get yourself ready for the road ahead. Here’s an article that breaks down the most important things you can do to prepare yourself for medical school before you ever start college! Did you know that where you get your undergraduate degree can affect your chances at getting into the medical school of your dreams? If you’re applying to college, it’s important to consider which schools offer the best pre-med programs. These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

Beauty Behind the Madness Professor Ramos Blog

Beauty Behind the Madness Noah Rougely English 102 July 27, 2018 Imagine being stripped of all your greatest qualities in your life just because someone else was jealous of you. In the story of Medusa, beauty is punished in this way and is brought to the point of horror. In the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hesiods  Theogony  (c. 700 BCE) and Ovids  Metamorphoses  (8 CE), Medusa is presented as originally having been a beautiful maiden and priestess of the goddess Athena.† (Kaleta) Medusa was well known for being so beautiful, having lovely healthy hair, and remaining a virgin in honor of Athena. She had two sisters and they are known as the Gorgon sisters. She was the only mortal of the 3. She was greatly sought after but she always chose to remain pure. She was so beautiful that many men and even other gods tried to take her virginity, but she would never allow it. Men would come all the way to the temple just to catch a glance of the beautiful Medusa and some even said her hair was more beautiful than Athena’s. There was a time when Poseidon, the god of the sea, was in conflict with Athena and he also had intense lust for Medusa. He saw her as a pure possession of Athena and tried to take her virginity to get back at Athena. Medusa always rejected him. He was so infatuated with her that he decided he would not take no for an answer. He aggressively pursued Medusa until she fled to the temple of Athena for help, but to no avail because Poseidon caught her and still raped her. Punishing a god was out of the question, so when Athena found out, she then changed Medusa into an ugly serpent-like monster with hideous features and hissing snakes for hair. She was so ugly that one glare could turn any man into a pillar of marble. â€Å"Pseudo-Apollodorus also suggests in the  Bibliotheca  (first century BCE) that Medusa was punished by Athena because her beauty rivaled that of the goddess.† (Kaleta)   She changed everything she envied into something grotesque. Medusa became pregnant aft er being raped by Poseidon and after she was beheaded later in the story by a mortal named Perseus, Chrysaor and Pegasus were born from her open wound when she died. Before this event, many warriors tried to challenge her, but they ended up getting turned into stone with her vicious gaze. Medusa is later killed by the Greek hero Perseus, son of Zeus and the mortal Danaà «. His grandfather, Acrisius, had been warned by an oracle that Perseus would kill him so he put him and his mother in a chest and threw it into the ocean. It drifted to Seriphus, where King Polydectes took them in and helped them. King Polydectes eventually fell in love with Danaà «, but he could not make a move on her with her son always around. In a ceremony he chose Perseus away to slay Medusa as a way to receive high honor, thinking that Perseus would die on the journey. The goddess Athena liked Perseus though, so she directed him to the Hesperides, nymphs who supplied him with divine tools to slay Medusa with. He was given a great sword that was sharp enough to cut the head of the gorgon clean off. He was given a magic helmet that could make him invisible. He was given shoes that made him light on his feet. And he was given a beautiful shield that was so shiny, he could see Medusa in the reflec tion and not turn to marble. He embarked on his adventure and got advice on where to find Medusa. When he found her he was able to defeat her with his mystical tools. â€Å"He found the Gorgons asleep, and by averting his gaze, and looking only at their reflection in Athenas shield of polished bronze, he cut off Medusas head.† (March) He then took her head as his prize to give to King Polydectes. He started his return journey using Pegasus, a winged horse that was born from Medusas open wound.   He came back to Seriphus to kill King Polydectes for his deceit, and when he returned home he still accidently killed his grandfather in a discus competition, like the oracle have said. Perseus then choose to relinquish Medusa’s head over to Athena. (Lagasse) And while her looks could kill, Medusas blood had supernatural healing powers and after she was beheaded by Perseus, her head is then given by Athena to the god of medicine, Asclepius. He could use her blood to heal othe rs and even bring the dead back to life. After her death, Medusa became a guardian in Hades, the land of the dead. Medusa did her best to do the right thing and represent Athena the best she could. She rejected all the lustful men and remained a virgin for Athena. Athena was consumed by her jealousy of Medusa. She saw the event of Poseidon raping her as a reason to take all that Medusa had. I choose this story because it shows how sometimes you can do all the right things in life, and you can still become a monster because other people will envy your blessings. It is important to take into consideration who you keep in your company and who you exhibit your prized accomplishment and possessions to. Jealousy is like a disease that can make people want to take from you, or just slander your name until you are seen as a monster to the haters and their friends. I would usually say not to care about stuff like that but sometimes some people can create situations that will require your attention. You can only control yourself. Similar to the Frankenstein story, Medusa did nothing wrong, but she was victimized until she was pushed to be evil and reckless. I think a hidden meaning in this story is that pureness can be corrupted by others in the surroundings and can cause one to be evil and as deceptive as a snake. It can cause others to become numb or stone to the product of the evil and the only way to overcome the monster is to look in the mirror. Athena created a monster to destroy others out of her own jealousy. Athena’s behavior aligns with thesis seven from Jeffrey Jerome Cohens Monster Culture book. A quote from Jeffrey Cohen that applies for thesis seven was,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine.† (Cohen) This applies to Athena as the creator of the monster she made Medusa into, and in the end she still received Medusas severed head as a prize. She allowed Medusa’s beauty and the opinions of others to destroy her internally to the point where she was pushed to leap at the opportunity to pilfer Medusas upper hand of aesthetic qualities. In this story, Athena never had to pay for what she did. Medusa was the victim, the monster, and she took the fall completely all the way to her demise. It’s almost like Athena was really the monster and she was the one that got away clean. Kaleta, Marcin Konrad. Medusa.  The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/medusa/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Lagasse, Paul. Perseus, in Greek mythology.  The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 7th edition, 2017.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/perseus_in_greek_mythology/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. March, Jennifer R. Gorgons.  Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxbow Books, 2nd edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/oxbocm/gorgons/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Cohen, Jeffrey J. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwj-9NnAkcrcAhV9GjQIHVAhDlcQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2FPlPd6rSElff7Wpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwjblK3akcrcAhWSHDQIHeSJC90QjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2Fmedusa-9JVsPnYq2quRypsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwi-xfvqkcrcAhXwIDQIHaT3AhQQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmakeagif.com%2Fgif%2Fmedusa-natalia-vodianova-clash-of-the-titans-2010-KGfEMzpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616

No topic needed Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No topic needed - Coursework Example Doctrine of flux, however, asserts that opposite things are similar while unity of opposites confirms the being of all things. Therefore, Heraclitus should support ‘everything changes’ because society is dynamic. The light of the sun describes good in Plato’s allegory of the cave because it demonstrates man’s enlightenment and knowledge. Getting from imagination to intelligence encompasses four crucial steps that include acknowledgment of ignorance, accumulating knowledge, seeking wisdom, and testing the truth of what is learnt. Socrates raised pertinent matters during his Apology speech where he defended himself against charges of corrupting of youth by question the idea that defines corruption. On the other hand, in making them not believe God, he argued that his philosophy was more fundamental than any divine being (Lampert 121). Pattern of reason in deduction involves the arrival of conclusion based on the premise while induction is a generalization from a few observations. However, in abduction, premises do not necessarily lead to a conclusion. Consequently, deductive conclusions can only be true if premises are made valid. Other reasoning patterns cannot be necessarily true because they do not depend on the

Course Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Course - Assignment Example Just due to personal choice, the researcher has selected evolution of Information Technology (IT) as the predictor for productivity. Horzella (37-53) pointed out that integration of IT has increased the productivity through four way mechanisms, 1- bring order to data management and streamlined the process flow, 2- increase the efficiency of communicating of information to stakeholders, 3- minimizing the possibility of committing human errors and human intervention and 4- due to exposure of technology, consumer surplus or perceived value of consumers has increased and companies have started giving importance in increasing production quality to satisfy the value perceptions of consumers. Horzella (37-53) pointed out that productivity of a system is dependent on three factors such as gathering the input, processing the input and producing the output. IT has integrated information of these three steps simultaneously and such integration is the key reason behind increase in productivity. Question 2 Sulek, Marucheck and Lind (711-27) stated that process flow in restaurant is directly related to steps in the operation process. The transformation model in restaurant can be depicted in the following fashion. In case of restaurants, inputs are the raw food materials, vegetables, meat, papers for creating menu card, lights, decoration materials etc. Restaurant itself is a product and architectures, ambience, decoration; seating arrangement is part of the service mix of restaurants. In case of transformation, three types of resources are being processed in restaurant such as, 1- material resources and physical raw material inputs, 2- information about the product quality or service delivery is being processed and 3- requirement of customers also gets processed through the service cycle. In case of restaurants, outputs include food service, catering, visual treatment and goods such as food and beverages. In restaurants, feedback information is being used to control quality of the operational system. For example, a customer might complain about the hardness of potato to waiter and the waiter sends the feedback to chef and based on the feedback, the chef might change the potato in order to offer better dining experience to patron. Question 3 Sulek, Marucheck and Lind (711-27) and other researchers pointed out that the service and manufacturing industry is going through the transition phase and companies are trying to integrate all the data points in cost effective manner. Converting the manual process into more efficient through system automation is not only becoming a trend but also giving options to companies to bank on it order to increase productivity. In such context, I believe that IT is reaching its maturity stage in terms of affecting global and national productivity. Careful consideration of the research works of Horzella (37-53) reveals the fact that conjoint implementation of IT and online transformation can influence the productivity up to a great extent. Hence, according to me, three verticals such as system automation, online transformation and data management & big data analytics are going to be the â€Å"next big thing† in the field of productivity management. Companies are developing complex production systems which run on information and data feeding and in many cases, data set for running the productivity system becomes so large and complex that normal computer program

About Negativity Essay Example for Free

About Negativity Essay And you stare at it happen, as it happens right in front of you, and say no. Just, no. It cant work out like this. Its not supposed to end like this. In what kind of fucked up story does the bad guy win? In what kind of story does the victim end up in disbelief that she never got the justice she deserved. Thats when you realize youre the villain. But no, the other persons not innocent either, theyre the villain too. Theyre worse than you, but youre still the villain, because you let it get this way. Everythings your fault. And you hate everyone. And you hate yourself. And you hate everything. And your so filled with hate that you just want to end it all. And then you realize that if you do that, youll be hated even more, and that realization makes you hate them more, and theres just so much fucking hate and no way to end it. And that hate turns into sorrow and confusion and pointlessness, and its endless really. And its as blunt as I just put it because theres no other way to express yourself lyrically when youre that upset. And in all the hate you feel homicidal, suicidal, maniac, and repulsive. And theres no way out. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay And theres no one to help you, because youre too embarrassed to share these repulsive feelings with anyone but yourself. And youre your only companion, but it doesnt matter because youre used to it being that way. And youre shaking, shivering, bawling in your loneliness, not feeling sorry for yourself like your accused of but hating yourself. No. It cant be like this, the villain doesnt feel this way. But the victim doesnt hate this way. And you find the devils in your thoughts, and youre nothing but a victim of yourself. And the cycle of hatred it starts again.

Comparison of US Bill of Rights and The Canadian Charter of Rights Essa

BACKGROUND OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS The United States Bill of Rights came into being as a result of a promise made by the Fathers of Confederation to the states during the struggle for ratification of the Constitution in 1787-88. A great number of the states made as a condition for their ratification, the addition of amendments, which would guarantee citizens protection of their rights against the central government. Thus, we have a rather interesting situation in which the entrenchment of a bill of rights in the American Constitution was done by the virtual demand of the states, they themselves fearing a central government which was not legally constrained and restricted as far as its powers were concerned. The resulting Bill of Rights is appended to the American Constitution as the first ten amendments. These amendments automatically became an integral part of the original document, making them part of ‘The Supreme Law of the Land.’ It was then actually ‘entrenched,’ as the phrase is used in Canadian terminology. The American Civil War had a very profound effect upon the American Constitution and upon American constitutionalism generally. The Civil war had indeed been fought over a question of states’ rights, among other things, and the states’ rights interpretation had actually lost and was, to a degree, a casualty of the wartime period. Further, that casualty was swiftly hammered into its coffin by three amendments which were enacted in 1865, 1868 and 1870 – the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment ultimately became the heart and soul of the modern American Constitution. Most of the legal battle’s surrounding the United States Bill of Rights have been to make it a truly national document – such that states may not violate its provisions. The Fourteenth Amendment finally made this possible. A more sudden, but perhaps equally profound event is the adoption in 1982 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Whereas before the adoption of the Charter Canadian legislatures were supreme, having power without limit within their jurisdictions, they now have debatable supremacy within altered jurisdictions. Moreover, although no powers or rights have been explicitly ‘reserved’ to the people, supporters of the charter nevertheless appear to give Canadians hope that the possibility may exist. COMPARISON OF B... ...wo constitutional documents may be similar in respect to their provisions respecting rights, it would not necessarily follow that claims of violation of rights would receive the same response from the courts of both nations. A proper analysis of why this is so would require a book-length account of the constitutional and political history of Canada and the United States. It would include but would not be limited to the selection and role of judges, the role of legislatures and political leadership, the attitudes and practices of the police and administrative agencies, and, not least, popular attitudes towards rights, minorities, and government. In short, the whole of a people’s way of life. Bibliography McKercher, William R., ed. The U.S. Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Toronto: Ontario Economic Council, 1983 Dumbauld, Edward. The Bill of Rights and What it Means Today Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1977. Steven Talos, Michael Liepner and Gregory Dickinson. Understanding The Law Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 1990. Black, Charles L. The People and the Court: Judicial Review in a Democracy New York: Macmillan, 1960. Comparison of US Bill of Rights and The Canadian Charter of Rights Essa BACKGROUND OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS The United States Bill of Rights came into being as a result of a promise made by the Fathers of Confederation to the states during the struggle for ratification of the Constitution in 1787-88. A great number of the states made as a condition for their ratification, the addition of amendments, which would guarantee citizens protection of their rights against the central government. Thus, we have a rather interesting situation in which the entrenchment of a bill of rights in the American Constitution was done by the virtual demand of the states, they themselves fearing a central government which was not legally constrained and restricted as far as its powers were concerned. The resulting Bill of Rights is appended to the American Constitution as the first ten amendments. These amendments automatically became an integral part of the original document, making them part of ‘The Supreme Law of the Land.’ It was then actually ‘entrenched,’ as the phrase is used in Canadian terminology. The American Civil War had a very profound effect upon the American Constitution and upon American constitutionalism generally. The Civil war had indeed been fought over a question of states’ rights, among other things, and the states’ rights interpretation had actually lost and was, to a degree, a casualty of the wartime period. Further, that casualty was swiftly hammered into its coffin by three amendments which were enacted in 1865, 1868 and 1870 – the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment ultimately became the heart and soul of the modern American Constitution. Most of the legal battle’s surrounding the United States Bill of Rights have been to make it a truly national document – such that states may not violate its provisions. The Fourteenth Amendment finally made this possible. A more sudden, but perhaps equally profound event is the adoption in 1982 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Whereas before the adoption of the Charter Canadian legislatures were supreme, having power without limit within their jurisdictions, they now have debatable supremacy within altered jurisdictions. Moreover, although no powers or rights have been explicitly ‘reserved’ to the people, supporters of the charter nevertheless appear to give Canadians hope that the possibility may exist. COMPARISON OF B... ...wo constitutional documents may be similar in respect to their provisions respecting rights, it would not necessarily follow that claims of violation of rights would receive the same response from the courts of both nations. A proper analysis of why this is so would require a book-length account of the constitutional and political history of Canada and the United States. It would include but would not be limited to the selection and role of judges, the role of legislatures and political leadership, the attitudes and practices of the police and administrative agencies, and, not least, popular attitudes towards rights, minorities, and government. In short, the whole of a people’s way of life. Bibliography McKercher, William R., ed. The U.S. Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Toronto: Ontario Economic Council, 1983 Dumbauld, Edward. The Bill of Rights and What it Means Today Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1977. Steven Talos, Michael Liepner and Gregory Dickinson. Understanding The Law Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 1990. Black, Charles L. The People and the Court: Judicial Review in a Democracy New York: Macmillan, 1960.

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER FIVE SPEAKER

SPEAKER Trantor! For eight thousand years, it was the capital of a large and mighty political entity that spanned an ever-growing union of planetary systems. For twelve thousand years after that, it was the capital of a political entity that spanned the entire Galaxy. It was the center, the heart, the epitome of the Galactic Empire. It was impossible to think of the Empire without thinking of Trantor. Trantor did not reach its physical peak until the Empire was far gone in decay. In fact, no one noticed that the Empire had lost its drive, its forward look, because Trantor gleamed in shining metal. Its growth had peaked at the point where it was a planet-girdling city. Its population was stabilized (by law) at forty-five billion and the only surface greenery was at the Imperial Palace and the Galactic University/Library complex. Trantor's land surface was metal-coated. Its deserts and its fertile areas were alike engulfed and made into warrens of humanity, administrative jungles, computerized elaborations, vast storehouses of food and replacement parts. its mountain ranges were beaten down; its chasms filled in. The city's endless corridors burrowed under the continental shelves and the oceans were turned into huge underground aquacultural cisterns – the only (and insufficient native source of food and minerals. The connections with the Outer Worlds, from which Trantor obtained the resources it required, depended upon its thousand spaceports, its ten thousand warships, its hundred thousand merchant ships, its million space freighters. No city so vast was ever recycled so tightly. No planet in the Galaxy had ever made so much use of solar power or went to such extremes to rid itself of waste heat. Glittering radiators stretched up into the thin upper atmosphere upon the nightside and were withdrawn into the metal city on the dayside. As the planet turned, the radiators rose as night progressively fell around the world and sank as day progressively broke. So Trantor always had an artificial asymmetry that was almost its symbol. At this peak, Trantor ran the Empire? It ran it poorly, but nothing could have run the Empire well. The Empire was too large to be run from a single world – even under the most dynamic of Emperors. How could Trantor have helped but run it poorly when, in the ages of decay, the Imperial crown was traded back and forth by sly politicians and foolish incompetents and the bureaucracy had become a subculture of corruptibles? But even at its worst, there was some self-propelled worth to the machinery. The Galactic Empire could not have been run without Trantor. The Empire crumbled steadily, but as long as Trantor remained Trantor, a core of the Empire remained and it retained an air of pride, of millennia, of tradition and power and – exaltation. Only when the unthinkable happened – when Trantor finally fell and was sacked; when its citizens were killed by the millions and left to starve by the billions; when its mighty metal coating was scarred and punctured and fused by the attack of the â€Å"barbarian† fleet – only then was the Empire considered to have fallen. The surviving remnants on the once-great world undid further what had been left and, in a generation, Trantor was transformed from the greatest planet the human race had ever seen to an inconceivable tangle of ruins. That had been nearly two and a half centuries ago. In the rest of the Galaxy, Trantor-as-it-had-been still was not forgotten. It would live forever as the favored site of historical novels, the favored symbol and memory of the past, the favored word for sayings such as â€Å"All starships land on Trantor,† â€Å"Like looking for a person in Trantor,† and â€Å"No more alike than this and Trantor.† In all the rest of the Galaxy – But that was not true on Trantor itself! Here the old Trantor was forgotten. The surface metal seas gone, almost everywhere. Trantor was now a sparsely settled world of self-sufficient farmers, a place where trading ships rarely came and were not particularly welcome when they did come. The very word â€Å"Trantor,† though still in official use, had dropped out of popular speech. By present-day Trantorians, it was called â€Å"Hame,† which in their dialect was what would be called â€Å"Home† in Galactic Standard. Quindor Shandess thought of all this and much more as he sat quietly in a welcome state of half-drowse, in which he could allow his mind to run along a self-propelled and unorganized stream of thought. He had been First Speaker of the Second Foundation for eighteen years, and he might well bold on for ten or twelve years more if his mind remained reasonably vigorous and if he could continue to fight the political wars. He was the analog, the mirror image, of the Mayor of Terminus, who ruled over the First Foundation, but how different they were in every respect. The Mayor of Terminus was known to all the Galaxy and the First Foundation was therefore simply â€Å"the Foundation† to all the worlds. The First Speaker of the Second Foundation was known only to his associates. And yet it was the Second Foundation, under himself and his predecessors, who held the real power. The First Foundation was supreme in the realm of physical power, of technology, of war weapons. The Second Foundation was supreme in the realm of mental power, of the mind, of the ability to control. In any conflict between the two, what would it matter how many ships and weapons the First Foundation disposed of, if the Second Foundation could control the minds of those who controlled the ships and weapons? But how long could he revel in this realization of secret power? He was the twenty-fifth First Speaker and his incumbency was already a shade longer than average. Ought he, perhaps, not be too keen on holding on and keeping out the younger aspirants? There was Speaker Gendibal, the keenest and newest at the Table. Tonight they would spend time together and Shandess looked forward to it. Ought he look forward also to Gendibal's possible accession some day? The answer to the question was that Shandess had no real thought of leaving his post. He enjoyed it too much. He sat there, in his old age, still perfectly capable of performing his duties. His hair was gray, but it had always been light in color and he wore it cut an inch long so that the color scarcely mattered. His eyes were a faded blue and his clothing conformed to the drab styling of the Trantorian farmers. The First Speaker could, if he wished, pass among the Hamish people as one of them, but his hidden power nevertheless existed. He could choose to focus his eyes and mind at any time and they would then act according to his will and recall nothing about it afterward. It rarely happened. Almost never. The Golden Rule of the Second Foundation was, â€Å"Do nothing unless you must, and when you must act – hesitate.† The First Speaker sighed softly. Living in the old University, with the brooding grandeur of the ruins of the Imperial Palace not too far distant, made one wonder on occasion how Golden the Rule might be. In the days of the Great Sack, the Golden Rule had been strained to the breaking point. There was no way of saving Trantor without sacrificing the Seldon Plan for establishing a Second Empire. It would have been humane to spare the forty-five billion, but they could not have been spared without retention of the core of the First Empire and that would have only delayed the reckoning. If would have led to a greater destruction some centuries later and perhaps no Second Empire ever The early First Speakers had worked over the clearly foreseen Sack for decades but had found no solution – no way of assuring both the salvation of Trantor and the eventual establishment of the Second Empire. The lesser evil had to be chosen and Trantor had died! The Second Foundatianers of the time had managed – by the narrowest of margins – to save the University/Library complex and there had been guilt forever after because of that, too. Though no one had ever demonstrated that saving the complex had led to the of the Mule, there was always the intuition that there was a connection. How nearly that had wrecked everything! Yet following the decades of the Sack acrd the Mule came the Golden Age of the Second Foundation. Prior to that, for over two and a half centuries after Seldon's death, the Second Foundation had burrowed like moles into the Library, intent only on staying out of the way of the Imperials. They served as librarians in a decaying society that cared less and less for the ever-more-misnamed Galactic Library, which fell into the desuetude that best suited the purpose of the Second Foundationers. It was an ignoble life. They merely conserved the Plan, while out at the end of the Galaxy, the First Foundation fought for its life against always greater enemies with neither help from the Second Foundation nor any real knowledge of it. It was the Great Sack that liberated the Second Foundation – another reason (young Gendibal – who had courage – had recently said that it was the chief reason) why the Sack was allowed to proceed. After the Great Sack, the Empire was gone and, in all the later times, the Trantorian survivors never trespassed on Second Foundation territory uninvited. The Second Foundationers saw to it that the University/Library complex which had survived the Sack also survived the Great Renewal. The ruins of the Palace were preserved, too. The metal was gone over almost all the rest of the world. The great and endless corridors were covered up, filled in, twisted, destroyed, ignored; all under rock and soil – all except here, where metal still surrounded the ancient open places. It might be viewed as a grand memorial of greatness, the sepulcher of Empire, but to the Trantorians – the Hamish people – these were haunted places, filled with ghosts, not to be stirred. Only the Second Foundationers ever set foot in the ancient corridors or touched the titanium gleam. And even so, all had nearly come to nothing because of the Mule. The Mule had actually been on Trantor. What if he had found out the nature of the world he had been standing on? His physical weapons were far greater than those at the disposal of the Second Foundation, his mental weapons almost as great. The Second Foundation would have been hampered always by the necessity of doing nothing but what they must, and by the knowledge that almost any hope of tinning the immediate fight might portend a greater eventual loss. Had it not been for Banta Darell and her swift moment of action. And that, too, had been without the help of the Second Foundation? And then – the Golden age, when somehow the First Speakers of the time found ways of becoming active, stopping the Mule in his career of conquest, controlling his mind at last; and then stopping the First Foundation itself when it grew wary and overcurious concerning the nature and identity of the Second Foundation. There was Preem Palver, nineteenth First Speaker and greatest of them all, who had managed to put an end to all danger – not without terrible sacrifice – and who had rescued the Seldon Plan. Now, for a hundred and twenty years, the Second Foundation was again as it once had been, hiding in a haunted portion of Trantor. They were hiding no longer from the Imperials, but from the First Foundation still – a First Foundation almost as large as the Galactic Empire had been and even greater in technological expertise. The First Speaker's eyes closed in the pleasant warmth and he passed into that never-never state of relaxing hallucinatory experiences that were not quite dreams and not quite conscious thought. Enough of gloom. All would be well. Trantor was still capital of the Galaxy, for the Second Foundation was here and it was mightier and more in control than ever the Emperor had been. The First Foundation would be contained and guided and would move correctly. However formidable their ships and weapons, they could do nothing as long as key leaders could be, at need, mentally controlled. And the Second Empire would come, but it would not be like the first. It would be a Federated Empire, with its parts possessing considerable self-rule, so that there would be none of the apparent strength and actual weakness of a unitary, centralized government. The new Empire would be looser, more pliant, more flexible, more capable of withstanding strain, and it would be guided always – always – by the hidden men and women of the Second Foundation. Trantor would then be still the capital, more powerful with its forty thousand psychohistorians than ever it had been with its forty-five billion – The First Speaker snapped awake. The sun was lower in the sky. Had he been mumbling? Had he said anything aloud? If the Second Foundation had to know much and say little, the ruling Speakers had to know mere and say less, and the First Speaker lead to know mist and say least. He smiled wryly. It was always so tempting to become a Trantorian patriot – to see the whole purpose of the Second Empire as that of bringing about Trantorian hegemony. Seldon had warned of it; he had foreseen even that, five centuries before it could come to pass. The First Speaker had not slept too long, however. It was not yet time for Gendibal's audience. Shandess was looking forward to that private meeting. Gendibal was young enough to look at the Plan with new eyes, and keen enough to see what others might not. And it was not beyond possibility that Shandess would learn from what the youngster had to say. No one would ever be certain how much Preem Palver – the great Palver himself – had profited from that day when the young Kol Benjoam, not yet thirty, came to talk to him about possible ways of handling the First Foundation. Benjoam, who was later recognized as the greatest theorist since Seldon, never spoke of that audience in later years, but eventually he became the twenty-first First Speaker. There were some who credited Benjoam, rather than Palver, for the great accomplishments of Palver's administration. Shandess amused himself with the thought of what Gendibal might say. It was traditional that keen youngsters, confronting the First Speaker alone for the first time, would place their entire thesis in the first sentence. And surely they would not ask for that precious first audience for something trivial – something that might ruin their entire subsequent career by convincing the First Speaker they were lightweights. Four hours later, Gendibal faced him. The young man showed no sign of nervousness. He waited calmly for Shandess to speak first. Shandess said, â€Å"You have asked for a private audience, Speaker, on a matter of importance. Could you please summarize the matter for me?† And Gendibal, speaking quietly, almost as though he were describing what he had just eaten at dinner, said, â€Å"First Speaker, the Seldon Plan is meaningless!† Stor Gendibal did not require the evidence of others to give him a sense of worth. He could not recall a time when he did not know himself to be unusual. He had been recruited for the Second Foundation when he was only a ten-year-old boy by an agent who had recognized the potentialities of his mind. He had then done remarkably well at his studies and had taken to psychohistory as a spaceship responds to a gravitational field. Psychohistory had pulled at him and he had curved toward it, reading Seldon's text on the fundamentals when others his age were merely trying to handle differential equations. When he was fifteen, he entered Trantor's Galactic University (as the University of Trantor had been officially renamed), after an interview during which, when asked what his ambitions were, he had answered firmly, â€Å"To be First Speaker before I am forty.† He had not bothered to aim for the First Speaker's chair without qualification. To gain it, one way or another, seemed to him to be a certainty. It was to do it in youth that seemed to him to be the goal. Even Preem Palver bad been forty-two on his accession. The interviewer's expression had flickered when Gendibal had said that, but the young man already had the feel of psycholanguage and could interpret that flicker. He knew, as certainly as though the interviewer had announced it, that a small notation would go on his records to the effect that he would be difficult to handle. Well, of course! Gendibal intended to be difficult to handle. He was thirty now. He would be thirty-one in a matter of two months and he was already a member of the Council of Speakers. He had nine years, at most, to become First Speaker and he knew he would make it. This audience with the present First Speaker was crucial to his plans and, laboring to present precisely the proper impression, he had. spared no effort to polish his command of psycholanguage. When two Speakers of the Second Foundation communicate with each other, the language is like no other in the Galaxy. It is as much a language of fleeting gestures as of words, as much a matter of detected mental – change patterns as anything else. An outsider would hear little or nothing, but in a short time, much in the way of thought would be exchanged and the communication would be unreportable in its literal form to anyone but still another Speaker. The language of Speakers had its advantage in speed and in infinite delicacy, but it had the disadvantage of making it almost impossible to mask true opinion. Gendibal knew his own opinion of the First Speaker. He felt the First Speaker to be a man past his mental prime. The First Speaker – in Gendibal's assessment – expected no crisis, was not trained to meet one, and lacked the sharpness to deal with one if it appeared. With all Shandess's goodwill and amiability, he was the stuff of which disaster was made. All of this Gendibal had to hide not merely from words, gestures, and facial expressions, but even from his thoughts. He knew no way of doing so efficiently enough to keep the First Speaker from catching a whiff of it. Nor could Gendibal avoid knowing something of the First Speaker's feeling toward him. Through bonhomie and goodwill – quite apparent and reasonably sincere – Gendibal could feel the distant edge of condescension and amusement, and tightened his own mental grip to avoid revealing any resentment in return – or as little as possible. The First Speaker smiled and leaned back in his chair. He did not actually lift his feet to the desk top, but he got across just the right mixture of self-assured ease and informal friendship – just enough of each to leave Gendibal uncertain as to the effect of his statement. Since Gendibal had not been invited to sit down, the actions and attitudes available to him that might be designed to minimize the uncertainty were limited. It was impossible that the First Speaker did not understand this. Shandess said, â€Å"The Seldon Plan is meaningless? What a remarkable statement! Have you looked at the Prime Radiant lately, Speaker Gendibal?† â€Å"I study it frequently, First Speaker. It is my duty to do so and my pleasure as well.† â€Å"Do you, by any chance, study only those portions of it that fall under your purview, now and then? Do you observe it in microfashion – an equation system here, an adjustment rivulet there? Highly important, of course, but I have always thought it an excellent occasional exercise to observe the whole course. Studying the Prime Radiant, acre by acre, has its uses – but observing it as a continent is inspirational. To tell you the truth, Speaker, I have not done it for a long time myself. Would you join me?† Gendibal dared not pause too long. It had to be done, and it must be done easily and pleasantly or it might as well not be done. â€Å"It would be an honor and a pleasure, First Speaker.† The First Speaker depressed a lever on the side of his desk. T here was one such in the office of every Speaker and the one in Gendibal's office was in no way inferior to that of the First Speaker. The Second Foundation was an equalitarian society in all its surface manifestations – the unimportant ones. In fact, the only official prerogative of the First Speaker was that which was explicit in his title he always spoke first. The room grew dark with the depression of the lever but, almost at once, the darkness lifted into a pearly dimness. Both long walls turned faintly creamy, then brighter and whiter, and finally there appeared neatly printed equations – so small that they could not be easily read. â€Å"If you have no objections,† said the First Speaker, making it quite clear that there would be none allowed, â€Å"we will reduce the magnification in order to see as much at one time as we can.† The neat printing shrank down into fine hairlines, faint black meanderings over the pearly background. The First Speaker touched the keys of the small console built into the arm of his chair. â€Å"We'll bring it back to the start – to the lifetime of Hari Seldon – and we'll adjust it to a small forward movement. We'll shutter it so that we can only see a decade of development at a time. It gives one a wonderful feeling of the flow of history, with no distractions by the details. I wonder if you have ever done this.† â€Å"Never exactly this way, First Speaker.† â€Å"You should. It's a marvelous feeling. Observe the sparseness of the black tracery at the start. There was not much chance for alternatives in the first few decades. The branch points, however, increase exponentially with time. Were it not for the fact that, as soon as a particular branch is taken, there is an extinction of a vast array of others in its future, all would soon become unmanageable. Of course, in dealing with the future, we must be careful what extinctions we rely upon.† â€Å"I know, First Speaker.† There was a touch of dryness in Gendibal's response that he could not quire remove. The First Speaker did not respond to it. â€Å"Notice the winding lines of symbols in red. There is a pattern to them. To all appearances, they should exist randomly, as even Speaker earns his place by adding refinements to Seldon's original Plan. It would seem there is no way, after all, of predicting where a refinement can be added easily or where a particular Speaker will find his interests or his ability tending, and yet I have long suspected that the admixture of Seldon Black and Speaker Red follows a strict law that is strongly dependent on time and on very little else.† Gendibal watched as the years passed and as the black and red hairlines made an almost hypnotic interlacing pattern. The pattern meant nothing in itself, of course. What counted were the symbols of which it was composed. Here and there a bright-blue rivulet made its appearance, bellying out; branching, and becoming prominent, then falling in upon itself and fading into the black or red. The First Speaker said, â€Å"Deviation Blue,† and the feeling of distaste, originating in each, filled the space between them. â€Å"We catch it over and over, and we'll be coming to the Century of Deviations eventually.† They did. One could tell precisely when the shattering phonemenon of the Mule momentarily filled the Galaxy, as the Prime Radiant suddenly grew thick with branching rivulets of blue – more starting than could be closed down – until the room itself seemed to turn blue as the lines thickened and marked the wall with brighter and brighter pollution. (It was the only word.) It reached its peak and then faded, thinned, and came together for a long century before it trickled to its end at last. When it was gone, and when the Plan had returned to black and red, it was clear that Preem Palver's hand had been there. Onward, onward â€Å"That's the present,† said the First Speaker comfortably. Onward, onward Then a narrowing into a veritable knot of close-knit black with little red in it. â€Å"That's the establishment of the Second Empire,† said the First Speaker. He shut off the Prime Radiant and the room was bathed in ordinary light. Gendibal said, â€Å"That was an emotional experience.† â€Å"Yes,† smiled the First Speaker, â€Å"and you are careful not to identify the emotion, as far as you can manage to fail to identify it. It doesn't matter. Let me make the points I wish to make. â€Å"You will notice, first, the all-but-complete absence of Deviation Blue after the time of Preem Palver – over the last twelve decades, in other words. You will notice that there are no reasonable probabilities of Deviations above the fifth-class over the next five centuries. You will notice, too, that we have begun extending the refinements of psychohistory beyond the establishment of the Second Empire. As you undoubtedly know, Hari Seldon – although a transcendent genius – is not, and could not, be all-knowing. We have improved on him. We know more about psychohistory than he could possibly have known. â€Å"Seldon ended his calculations with the Second Empire and we have continued beyond it. Indeed, if I may say so without offense, the new Hyper-Plan that goes past the establishment of the Second Empire is very largely my doing and has earned me my present post. â€Å"I tell you all this so that you can spare me unnecessary talk. With all this, how do you manage to conclude that the Seldon Plan is meaningless? It is without flaw. The mere fact that it survived the Century of Deviations – with all due respect to Palver's genius – is the best evidence we have that it is without flaw. Where is its weakness, young man, that you should brand the Plan as meaningless?† Gendibal stood stiffly upright. â€Å"You are right, First Speaker. The Seldon Plan has no flaw.† â€Å"You withdraw your remark, then?† â€Å"No, First Speaker. Its lack of flaw is its flaw. Its flawlessness is fatal!† The First Speaker regarded Gendibal with equanimity. He had learned to control his expressions and it amused him to watch Gendibal's ineptness in this respect. At every exchange, the young man did his best to hide his feelings, but each time, he exposed them completely. Shandess studied him dispassionately. He was a thin young man, not much above the middle height, with thin lips and bony, restless hands. He had dark, humorless eyes that tended to smolder. He would be, the First Speaker knew, a hard person to talk out of his convictions. â€Å"You speak in paradoxes, Speaker,† he said. â€Å"It sounds like a paradox, First Speaker, because there is so much about Seldon's Plan that we take for granted and accept in so unquestioning a manner.† â€Å"And what is it you question, then?† â€Å"The Plan's very basis. We all know that the Plan will not work if its nature – or even its existence – is known to too many of those whose behavior it is designed to predict.† â€Å"I believe Hari Seldon understood that. I even believe he made it one of his two fundamental axioms of psychohistory.† â€Å"He did not anticipate the Mule, First Speaker, and therefore he could not anticipate the extent to which the Second Foundation would become an obsession with the people of the First Foundation, once they had been shown its importance by the Mule.† â€Å"Hari Seldon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and for one moment, the First Speaker shuddered and fell silent. Hari Seldon's physical appearance was known to all the members of the Second Foundation. Reproductions of him in two and in three dimensions, photographic and holographic, in bas-relief and in the round, sitting and standing, were ubiquitous. They all represented him in the last few years of his life. All were of an old and benign man, face wrinkled with the wisdom of the aged, symbolizing the quintessence of well-ripened genius. But the First Speaker now recalled seeing a photograph reputed to be Seldon as a young man. The photograph was neglected, since the thought of a young Seldon was almost a contradiction in terms. Yet Shandess had seen it, and the thought had suddenly come to him that Stor Gendibal looked remarkably like the young Seldon. Ridiculous? It was the sort of superstition that afflicted everyone, now and then, however rational they might be. He was deceived by a fugitive similarity. If he had the photograph before him, he would see at once that the similarity was an illusion. Yet why should that silly thought have occurred to him now? He recovered. It had been a momentary quaver – a transient derailment of thought – too brief to be noticed by anyone but a Speaker. Gendibal might interpret it as he pleased. â€Å"Hari Seldon,† he said very firmly the second time, â€Å"knew well that there were an infinite number of possibilities he could not foresee, and it was for that reason that he set up the Second Foundation. We did not foresee the Mule either, but tie recognized him once he was upon us and we stopped him. We did not foresee the subsequent obsession of the First Foundation with ourselves, but we saw it when it came and we stopped it. What is it about this that you can possibly find fault with?† â€Å"For one thing,† said Gendibal, â€Å"the obsession of the First Foundation with us is not yet over.† There was a distinct ebb in the deference with which Gendibal had been speaking. He had noted the quaver in the First Speaker's voice (Shandess decided) and had interpreted it as uncertainty. That had to be countered. The First Speaker said briskly, â€Å"Let me anticipate. There would be people on the First Foundation, who – comparing the hectic difficulties of the first nearly four centuries of existence with the placidity of the last twelve decades – will come to the conclusion that this cannot be unless the Second Foundation is taking good care of the Plan – and, of course, they will be right in so concluding. They will decide that the Second Foundation may not have been destroyed after all – and, of course, they will be right in so deciding. In fact, we've received reports that there is a young man on the First Foundation's capital world of Terminus, an official of their government, who is quite convinced of all this. – I forget his name†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Golan Trevize,† said Gendibal softly. â€Å"It was I who first noted the matter in the reports, and it was I who directed the matter to your office.† â€Å"Oh?† said the First Speaker with exaggerated politeness. â€Å"And how did your attention come to be focused on him?† â€Å"One of our agents on Terminus sent in a tedious report on the newly elected members of their Council – a perfectly routine matter usually sent to and ignored by all Speakers. This one caught my eye because of the nature of the description of one new Councilman, Golan Trevize. From the description, he seemed unusually self-assured and combative.† â€Å"You recognized a kindred spirit, did you?† â€Å"Not at all,† said Gendibal, stiffly. â€Å"He seemed a reckless person who enjoyed doing ridiculous things, a description which does not apply to me. In any case, I directed an in-depth study. It did not take long for me to decide that he would have made good material for us if he had been recruited at an early age.† â€Å"Perhaps,† said the First Speaker, â€Å"but you know that we do not recruit on Terminus.† â€Å"I know that well. In any case, even without our training, he has an unusual intuition. It is, of course, thoroughly undisciplined. I was, therefore. Not particularly surprised that he ad grasped the fact that the Second Foundation still exists. I felt it important enough, however, to direct a memo on the matter to your office.† â€Å"And I take it from your manner that there is a new development?† â€Å"Having grasped the fact that we still exist, thanks to his highly developed intuitive abilities, he then used it in a characteristically undisciplined fashion and has, as a result, been exiled from Terminus.† The First Speaker lifted his eyebrows. â€Å"You stop suddenly. You want me to interpret the significance. Without using my computer, let me mentally apply a rough approximation of Seldon's equations and guess that a shrewd Mayor, capable of suspecting that the Second Foundation exists, prefers not to have an undisciplined individual shout it to the Galaxy and thus alert said Second Foundation to the danger. I take it Branno the Bronze decided that Terminus is safer with Trevize off the planet.† â€Å"She might have imprisoned Trevize or had him quietly assassinated.† â€Å"The equations are not reliable when applied to individuals, as you well know. They deal only with humanity in mass. Individual behavior is therefore unpredictable and it is possible to assume that the Mayor is a humane individual who feels imprisonment, let alone assassination, is unmerciful.† Gendibal said nothing for a while. It was an eloquent nothing, and he maintained it just long enough for the First Speaker to grow uncertain of himself but not so long as to induce a defensive anger. He timed it to the second and then he said, â€Å"That is not my interpretation. I believe that Trevize, at this moment, represents the cutting edge of the greatest threat to the Second Foundation in its history – a greater danger even than the Mule!† Gendibal was satisfied. The force of the statement had worked well. The First Speaker had not expected it and was caught off-balance. From this moment, the whip hard was Gendibal's. If he had any doubt of that at all, it vanished with Shandess's next remark. â€Å"Does this have anything to do with your contention that Seldon's Plan is meaningless?† Gendibal gambled on complete certainty, driving in with a didacticism that would not allow the First Speaker to recover. He said, â€Å"First Speaker, it is an article of faith that it was Preem Palver who restored the Plan to its course after the wild aberrance of the Century of Deviations. Study the Prime Radiant and you will see that the Deviations did not disappear till two decades after Palver's death and that not one Deviation has appeared since. The credit might rest with the First Speakers since Palver, but that is improb – â€Å"Improbable? Granted none of us have been Palvers, but – why â€Å"Will you allow me to demonstrate, First Speaker? Using the mathematics of psychohistory, I can clearly show that the chances of total disappearance of Deviation are too microscopically small to have taken place through anything the Second Foundation can do. You need not allow me if you lack the time or the desire for the demonstration, which will take half an hour of close attention. I can, as an alternative, call for a full meeting of the Speaker's Table and demonstrate it there. But that would mean a loss of time for me and unnecessary controversy.† â€Å"Yes, and a possible loss of face for me. – Demonstrate the matter to me now. But a word of warning.† The First Speaker was making a heroic effort to recover. â€Å"If what you show me is worthless, I will not forget that.† â€Å"If it proves worthless,† said Gendibal with an effortless pride that overrode the other, â€Å"you will have my resignation on the spot.† It took, actually, considerably more than half an hour, for the First Speaker questioned the mathematics with near-savage intensity. Gendibal made up some of the time by his smooth use of his MicroRadiant. The device – which could locate any portion of the vast Plan holographically and with required n either wall nor desk sized console – had come into use only a decade ago and the First Speaker had never learned the knack of handling it. Gendibal was aware of that. The First Speaker knew that he was. Gendibal hooked it over his rigth thumb and manipulated it with his four fingers, using his hand deliberately as though it were a musical instrument. (Indeed, he had written a small paper on the analogies.) The equations Gendibal produced (and found with sure ease) moved back and forth snakily to accompany his commentary. He could obtain definitions, if necessary; set up axioms; and produce graphics, both two-dimensional and three-dimensional (to say nothing of projections of multidimensional relationships). Gendibal's commentary was clear and incisive and the First Speaker abandoned the game. He was won over and said, â€Å"I do not recall having seen an analysis of this nature. Whose work is it?† â€Å"First Speaker, it is my own. I have published the basic mathematics involved.† â€Å"Very clever, Speaker Gendibal. Something like this will put you in line for the First Speakership, should I die – or retire.† â€Å"I have given that matter no thought, First Speaker – but since there's no chance of your believing that, I withdraw the comment. I have given it thought and I hope I will be First Speaker, since whoever succeeds to the post must follow a procedure that only I see clearly.† â€Å"Yes,† said the First Speaker, â€Å"inappropriate modesty can be very dangerous. What procedure? Perhaps the present First Speaker may follow it, too. If I am too old to have made the creative leap you have, I am not so old that I cannot follow your direction.† It was a graceful surrender and Gendibal's heart warned, rather unexpectedly, toward the older man, even as he realized that this was precisely the First Speaker's intention. â€Å"Thank you, First Speaker, for I will need your help badly. I cannot expect to sway the Table without your enlightened leadership.† (Grace for grace.) â€Å"I assume, then, that you have already seen from what I have demonstrated that it is impossible for the Century of Deviations to have been corrected under our policies or for all Deviations to have ceased since then.† â€Å"This is clear to me,† said the First Speaker. â€Å"If your mathematics is correct, then in order for the Plan to have recovered as it did and to work as perfectly as it seems to be working, it would be necessary for us to be able to predict the reactions of small groups of people – even of individuals – with some degree of assurance.† â€Å"Quite so. Since the mathematics of psychohistory does not allow this, the Deviations should not have vanished and, even more so, should not have remained absent. You see, then, what I meant when I said earlier that the flaw in the Seldon Plan was its flawlessness.† The First Speaker said, â€Å"Either the Seldon Plan does possess Deviations, then, or there is something wrong in your mathematics. Since I must admit that the Seldon Plan has not shown Deviations in a century and more, it follows that there is something wrong with your mathematics – except that I detected no fallacies or missteps.† â€Å"You do wrong,† said Gendibal, â€Å"to exclude a third alternative. It is quite possible for the Seldon Plan to possess no Deviations and yet for there to be nothing wrong in my mathematics when it predicts that to be impossible.† â€Å"I fail to see the third alternative.† â€Å"Suppose the Seldon Plan is being controlled by means of a psychohistorical method so advanced that the reactions of small groups of people – even perhaps of individual persons – can be predicted, a method that we of the Second Foundation do not possess. Then, and only then, my mathematics would predict that the Seldon Plan should indeed experience no Deviations?† For a while (by Second Foundation standards) the First Speaker made no response. He said, â€Å"There is no such advanced psychohistorical method that is known to me or, I am certain from your manner, to you. If you and I know of none, the chance that any other Speaker, or any group of Speakers, has developed such a micropsychohistory – if I may call it that – and has kept it secret from the rest of the Table is infinitesimally small. Don't you agree?† â€Å"I agree.† â€Å"Then either your analysis is wrong or else micropsychohistory is in the hands of some group outside the Second Foundation.† â€Å"Exactly, First Speaker, the latter alternative must be correct.† â€Å"Can you demonstrate the truth of such a statement?† â€Å"I cannot, in any formal way; but consider. – Has there not already been a person who could affect the Seldon Plan by dealing with individual people?† â€Å"I presume you are referring to the Mule.† â€Å"Yes, certainly.† â€Å"The Mule could only disrupt. The problem here is that the Seldon Plan is working too well, considerably closer to perfection than your mathematics would allow. You would need an Anti-Mule – someone who is as capable of overriding the Plan as the Mule was, but who acts for the opposite motive – overriding not to disrupt but to perfect.† â€Å"Exactly, First Speaker. I wish I had thought of that expression. What was the Mule? A mutant. But where did he come from? How did he come to be? no one really knows. Might there not be more?† â€Å"Apparently not. The one thing that is best known about the Mule is that he was sterile. Hence his name. Or do you think that is a myth?† â€Å"I am not referring to descendants of the Mule. Might it not be that the Mule was an aberrant member of what is – or has now become – a sizable group of people with Mulish powers who – for some reason of their own – are not disrupting the Seldon Plan but supporting it?† â€Å"Why in the Galaxy should they support it?† â€Å"Why do we support it? We plan a Second Empire in which we – or, rather, our intellectual descendants – will be the decision makers. If, some other group is supporting the Plan even more efficiently than we are, they cannot be planning to leave the decision – making to us. They will make the decisions – but to what end? Ought we not try to find out what kind of a Second Empire they are sweeping us into?† â€Å"And how do you propose to find out?† â€Å"Well, why has the Mayor of Terminus exiled Golan Trevize? By doing so, she allows a possibly dangerous person to move freely about the Galaxy. That she does it out of motives of humanity, I cannot believe. Historically the rulers of the First Foundation have always acted realistically, which means, usually, without regard for ‘morality.' One of their heroes – Salvor Hardin – counseled against morality, in fact. No, I think the Mayor acted under compulsion from agents of the Anti-Mules, to use your phrase. I think Trevize has been recruited by them and I think he is the spearhead of danger to us. Deadly danger.† And the First Speaker said, â€Å"By Seldon, you may be right. But how will we ever convince the Table of this?† â€Å"First Speaker, you underestimate your eminence.†

Pros and Cons of Four Day School Week Essay

* Shortening the school week can address budget deficits and save teachers who would have to be laid off otherwise. In the case of Peach County, Georgia, the district either needed to shorten the school week or cut 39 teachers from the workforce in the 2009 to 2010 school year, according to Fox News. Shaving a day from the school week saves money without sacrificing teaching talent. This approach makes sense if a district faces short-term budgetary difficulties and knows that teachers are needed long-term to support the system. Con: Difficulty Finding Childcare * Cutting the week to four days places additional pressure on working parents, who need to arrange childcare for younger children on their days off. Daycare is expensive, and often focuses more on keeping children safe and entertained rather than teaching them. A few districts try to alleviate these problems by providing support for families who can’t find or afford care. Some district-sponsored programs even offer tutoring services. Pro: Encouraging Responsibility and Independence * Having a day off from classes doesn’t necessarily mean getting a day off from schoolwork. Schools can modify their curricula to assign more individual, take-home projects that students complete on their days off. Giving students more independent work encourages the development of research skills, problem-solving skills and time management abilities. Having the extra day also gives students more time to study on their own, allowing them to learn at their own pace and use a method of their choice to absorb new information. Con: Not Enough Face Time * While some children work well on their own, others suffer from less classroom instruction and teacher assistance. Marlow, Oklahoma’s school district superintendent said that the school would move back to five-day weeks after the school tried a four-day schedule to save on operating costs. Compressing content forces students to work at an accelerated pace that some can’t handle. Many students learn best with guidance and support, and concerned parents sometimes report that reduced classroom time hinders their children’s progress. Read more: The Pro & Cons for a Four-Day School Week | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6733617_pro-cons-four_day-school-week.html#ixzz2J2FqTp00 Cost Savings, Wages Lost * A March 2010 article in â€Å"The Wall Street Journal† reports that budget shortfalls are often the driving force behind a four-day school week. The article cites a school in Peach County, Georgia, that was able to save $200,000 by shortening its school week. Schools save money on items like gas, utilities, food and substitute teachers. However, these cost savings can also result in reduced hours for workers like bus drivers, cooks and janitors. According to â€Å"The Wall Street Journal,† hourly workers can lose as much as 20 percent of their income. Academic Performance * Research is mixed on the impact of a four-day school week on academic performance. A â€Å"Time† article from August 2008 reports that a Kentucky school with a shortened week drastically improved its ranking for standardized tests, moving from 111th in the state to 53rd. The school took the savings it realized and put the money back into educational programs. With one less day of school, student absenteeism has also been found to decline. Opponents of the shortened school week claimed in the â€Å"Time† article that students in the United States already lag behind students in Europe and Asia who attend more school. With a longer weekend, some fear that students are more likely to forget what they have learned. Students with special needs or those who are at-risk may especially find it difficult to retain information. Long Days * To meet the state’s requirement for school hours, districts that move to four-day school weeks will add more hours to the school day and also shorten breaks for recess and lunch. This results in students spending longer days at school and in the classroom. According to the National Conference of State Legislators, this can be exhausting, especially for younger students. Longer days also make it more difficult for students to participate in extracurricular activities. However, the extra day off is often used as time for students to undergo tutoring, see the doctor or dentist, work a part-time job, be with their families or take part in school activities. Childcare and Family Time * Many parents will be at work when their child is off from school on a Monday or Friday. This leaves the parent to find childcare during the week or make arrangements for a kid who is home, possibly resulting in additional costs for the parents. A longer schedule can also mean the student arrives home at the same time as the parent. In this case, parents may actually not have a need to find after-school care or leave their children alone at home until they get off work. Read more: Pros and Cons of a Four-Day School Week | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_7973741_pros-cons-fourday-school-week.html#ixzz2J2FaB2yQ

Definition of Developmental Psychology

Definition of Developmental Psychology Nowadays, the issue and main principles of developmental psychology become more and more popular and obtain greater significance. Great number of different theories connected with its main issues can serve as the best evidence of this statement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Developmental Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, to investigate this issue it is necessary to give clear definition of developmental psychology and its main peculiarities. Developmental psychology is a branch of science which researches and analyses the main peculiarities and stages of the development of a human being (Colman, 2009). However, there are many different points of view on the process of development and what main peculiarities it possesses. According to Cooker-Greuter (2004) human development consists of lateral and vertical development. Both these processes are very important, however, they have diff erent mechanisms. Lateral development happens through learning, schooling and gaining experience throughout all the life of a person (Cooker-Greuter, 2004). At the same time, vertical development is connected with a persons ability to see the world from another perspective. That is why, psychology should investigate both these processes, taking into account their peculiarities. Moreover, different variables such as worldviews, stages of development, level of consciousness, logical actions and organizing principles should also be taken into account as they show how a person can make his/her own decision about some issue or phenomenon and help to understand peculiarities of his/her development better (McCauley, Drath, Palus, O’Connor Baker, 2006). Application of developmental psychology in life Having understood main peculiarities of the functioning of developmental psychology, it is possible to understand how it can be applied in modern society under new conditions.Advertisin g Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First of all, is should be said that understanding of the main processes of the development of human qualities and traits of character can give people a great number of possibilities for their improvement. Having realized the main aspects of the formation of a certain skill, it is possible to apply this knowledge in order to obtain the needed skills faster. That is why, developmental psychology can be widely used in such fields as education, training programs and some other spheres, oriented towards obtaining or developing certain skills. Moreover, under modern conditions of complex changing environment, it is viable to apply the knowledge in this field to the spheres of leadership and management. There is no use denying the fact that strong leaders are needed to guaranty further prosperous development of human society. With this in mind, one of the m ain purposes of developmental psychology is to analyze the main peculiarities of leaders development and guarantee their further personal growth. Their weak and strong sides can be investigated and altered with the help of developmental psychology. There is, of course, a great number of other possible applications of this science in our life. It can be widely used in order to predict human behavior, forecast developmental processes and understand the effects of family, living conditions and environment on the development of the individual person, both physically and emotionally (Nielsen, 2006). Such a great number of possibilities shows universal character of this issue. However, it can be easily explained by the fact that changes are the main driving force of the development of our society. That is why, it is possible to suggest that almost all processes could be analyzed using the main principles of developmental psychology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample o n Definition of Developmental Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The only problem is to create a good scientific rationale for application of this science in a certain sphere of our life. Benefits of developmental psychology It is obvious, that personal growth of a person depends on the ability to understand his/her current needs and problems and decide what changes are needed in order to satisfy demands which exist on the certain stage of his/her development. It is obvious that clear understanding of the main peculiarities of the stages of personal development can make the process of obtaining new skills and adapting to new conditions much more easier. It is possible to suggest, that developmental psychology can be very useful within the framework of the personal growth of a person. There are some obvious advantages of using it with the main aim to improve some quality or a process. The thing is that it is possible to create a cert ain strategy of the personal development which will take into account peculiarities of every person. Being unique, this program will be very efficient and beneficial. However, developmental psychology can be applied not only within the framework of personal development. It is obvious, that its benefits can also be seen at the domestic level. First of all, improvement of some skills of the citizens of a state will obviously result in general improvement of situation. Every state depends on its people and that is why personal growth of the majority of citizens will be very beneficial for the incomes of a country and its growth in all other spheres. Moreover, personal and leadership skills of the officials of a country can also be investigated and the plan for their development can be created. This action will lead to a great improvement of the state of a country. That is why, developmental psychology can be a very efficient remedy which can help people to unlock their potential and be come prosperous.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Colman, A. M. (2009). A dictionary of psychology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cooker-Greuter, S.R. (2004). Making the case for a developmental perspective. Industrial and Commercial Training, 36(7), 270-280. McCauley, C.D., Drath, W.H., Palus, C.J., O’Connor, P.M.G. Baker, B.A. (2006). The use of constructive developmental theory to advance the understanding of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 629-640. Nielsen, M. (2006). Copying actions and copying outcomes: Social learning through the second year. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 555-565

How to Write a Formal Business Letter in English

How to Write a Formal Business Letter in English A formal business letter requires not only strong grammar and vocabulary, but also appropriate tone, format, and sequence. Learning how to write a professional letter in English can be difficult for non-native speakers learning how to write in business English. In this article, we will show you what to include and avoid when writing a formal letter. Finding The Correct Tone in English Formality is a tricky thing in English since it isn’t built into the grammar like in Spanish, French, or Japanese. Instead, it is built into our tone of voice (when speaking) and in the vocabulary we use. You can see some good examples of different levels of formality here.(The first example demonstrates the proper level of formality for a business letter.) Here is a quick tip.In general, a good rule to remember is that formal writing is a bit longer. For example: INFORMAL: Thanks! FORMAL: I appreciate †¦ **Remember! This is a general rule. It is not always true. What to avoid in a formal english business letter Here are some things you should avoid in a formal letter: Emojis – as much as I love these because they â€Å"humanize† writing, they don’t belong in anything formal. Exclamation points – These make you sound like a teenage cheerleader. Acronyms like LOL or ICYMI – these are often inappropriate (in the case of LOL) or better spelled out (in the case of ICYMI). They are also easily misunderstood (I knew someone who though LOL meant â€Å"lots of love† instead of â€Å"laughing out loud.† It seems like a small mistake, but it resulted in some hurt feelings when she sent LOL to someone who had just lost their grandfather. Idioms (a full list of English idioms can be found here) – It’s always better to write what you need to say plainly and directly. Idioms are also cultural and easily misunderstood or misused. Anything that sounds too friendly or intimate. Example: Nice chatting with you yesterday! Instead, write, â€Å"It was good to talk with you yesterday.† Sentence fragments – Example: Looking forward to your reply.† (More info here.) These are used often in speech and are usually ok in informal writing, but they don’t work in formal writing because the subject is of the sentence is missing. (I am looking forward to your reply.† Instead, keep your focus on: Meeting your audience’s needs and expectations. Remember, the receiver of your letter might not be your only audience. Other people, particular those above your intended receiver, may also see your letter. Direct, simple language. Strong, appropriate grammar. Know your grammar weaknesses and proofread carefully. If you have trouble with this, use Grammarly. Format Use block formatting. Every item is left aligned, with no indented paragraphs. There is one line of space between each item/paragraph. You can see block formatting here. Sequence Sender’s Address – The first item should be the sender’s address without the sender’s name. Date – Make sure to use the date format common to your audience and always spell out the month. More info on global date formats here. Receiver’s Address – Here you need to include the receiver’s name, title, and company, as well as the address. Salutation – Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms. Last name: (Ex. Dear Ms. Jones:) Body text – This is where you include the bulk of your content. Make sure to start with the main point of your communication in the first paragraph, then include more details in the second paragraph, and close with an action eliciting conclusion in the final paragraph. Closing – Sincerely or Best regards followed by a comma is appropriate for most formal situations. (Ex. Best regards,) Four lines of space to sign your name Your First and Last Name

Turkish Youth in Germany and Their Hip Hop as a Media Essay

Turkish Youth in Germany and Their Hip Hop as a Media - Essay Example It is the further hope of this author that by engaging with the information within this essay, the reader will calm to a more full and complete understanding of the way in which Turkish hip hop music was born and why it has developed in the unique way in which it has. As with many forms of art and expression, the genre of hip hop itself was born during the early 1970s. Beyond merely giving birth to this defining genre of uniquely American music, this particular decade, as well as the one which preceded it, was fertile ground for the development and expression of new art forms, music, means of understanding, philosophy, and a range of other expression and thought related activities (Brunson, 2011). Due to the way in which society was beginning to cast off the balance that it previously defined it and actively seeking to create new realities and means of expression to fit the needs and trends of the current generation, hip-hop was yet another in a long line of new wave expressionism that ultimately caught on and has prevailed for over 40 years now. Recognizing the transformative power that this genre of music could have for those individuals that considered themselves as a minority within a particular culture could have, it was not long before Turkish immigrants began to engage with the music genre and seek to mould it to the unique hardships and cultural issues they faced within Germany. Just as with rock ‘n roll before it and jazz before rock ‘n roll, Turkish hip-hop was syncretic in its form; allowing it to mix with African beats, current affairs/lyrics, and traditional Turkish melody (Bennett, 2009). In such a way, it cannot and should not be understood by the reader that Turkish hip hop is somehow unique and was ultimately created from any type of a blank slate. Rather, it was merely the evolution of different textural and musical elements that

Labor laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labor laws - Essay Example The best means of establishing a regulatory system that could protect employees against exploitation was through via the legal system that has already been established and holds valid authority on such matters. The legal system established a set of labor laws that were meant for this purpose and designed to fight for the â€Å"Average Joe† so to speak. Labor laws can be described as a set of rules that govern the relationship between an employee and their employer and have been designed to act as a baseline of what is expected from both parties (Ewing, McColgan & Collins, 2005). It can be said that these laws exist because frictionless economic efficiency can often operate to the disadvantage of the employed, even to the point of the violation of the basic civil rights of the employed. However, the role and structure of labor laws will have to be examined to determine whether the above statement contains any truth. By taking an in-depth look at the labor laws and role they pla y for both parties (that is, the employer and the employed) one is able to establish the essentiality of the existence of labor laws. Why Labor Laws Exist In order to properly understand the topic of discussion it is important for one to understand why labor laws were introduced into the legal system and the reason for their creation (Selwyn, 2008). There are a number of reasons that one can find for the existence of labor laws and by observing the main ones, one is able to visualize the need for these kind of regulation to be set in place. There can be said to be three main reasons why labor laws exist, these three reasons cover all the parties involved and the main angles that the subject can studied from. They include: 1. Employee Protection Labor laws exist to ensure that individuals working for organizations are not exploited as a result of their inability to stand up for themselves due to the size of the opposition. Labor laws are put in place to ensure that every employee is able to enjoy their basic needs and rights despite their various positions and circumstances and provides a tool that can be wielded against companies that may attempt to mistreat their employees. This can in fact be said to be the main reason behind the emergence of labor laws (Befort & Budd, 2009). The existence of these laws ensures that employees are treated fairly in their place of work and are not bullied by the large organizations in any context or form. The resources and clout that some large organizations hold in the society and business world would have meant that few individuals would have been successful fighting for their rights unless they had an equally influential backing supporting their cause. This backing has been offered by the labor laws that exist in the country (Ewing, McColgan & Collins, 2005). A good example of such protection is seen in excerpts of the existing labor laws such as the issue of Minimum Wage which entails the least amount of money that an indi vidual can be paid for their work (Keshawn & Arn, 2005). This ensures that a company does not exploit individuals in financial trouble by offering them unfair remuneration for the work that they have put in knowing that in some situations some may not have a